Cell biology

Answer 1

Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition

Question 2

What is found in an animal cell?

Question 3

What structures are found in plant cells?

Answer 3

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

Question 4

What structures are found in fungal cell?

Answer 4

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, vacuole

Question 5

What structures are found in bacterial cell?

Answer 5

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell, plasma, ribosomes, circular chromosome

Question 6

What is the function of a nucleus?

Answer 6

Control cell activity and stores genetic information

Question 7

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 7

Site of chemical reactions

Question 8

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 8

Controls what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable)

Question 9

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 9

Site of aerobic respiration

Question 10

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Answer 10

Site of protein synthesis

Question 11

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 11

Provides structure and support in plant, fungi, and bacterial cells

Question 12

What is the function of the vacuole?

Answer 12

Stores sell sap (water, sugar and salts) and supports the cell

Question 13

What is the function of plasmids?

Answer 13

Small circular DNA found in bacteria, it is used in genetic engineering

Question 14

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

Answer 14

Site of photosynthesis

Question 15

What is diffusion?

Answer 15

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration, down the concentration gradient

Question 16

What substances move by diffusion?

Answer 16

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and amino acid

Question 17

What is osmosis?

Answer 17

Movement of water from a high water concentration to a low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

Question 18

What happens to an animal in pure water?

Answer 18

Water enters, the cell swells and may burst.

Question 19

What happens to an animal cell in salt/sugar solution?

Answer 19

Water leaves, the cell shrinks

Question 20

What happens to a plant cell in pure water?

Answer 20

Water enters, cell becomes turgid (cell wall prevents bursting)

Question 21

What happens to the plant cell when in salt/sugar solution?

Answer 21

Water leaves cell becomes plasma cytoplasm and cell membrane pull away from the wall (plasmolysed)

Question 22

What is active transport?

Answer 22

Movement of molecules from low to high concentration, against the concentration gradient, using energy

Question 23

What is DNA?

Answer 23

A double stranded helix found in the nucleus that carries genetic information

Question 24

What is a gene?

Answer 24

A section of DNA that codes for protein

Question 25

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 25

Transfer of a gene from one organism to another

Question 26

What are proteins made of?

Answer 26

A chain of amino acids

Question 26

Steps of genetic engineering

Answer 26

1. Identify gene, 2. Remove gene using enzymes, 3. Search gene into plasmid, 4. Insert plasma into bacterial cell, 5. Grow modified cell.

Question 27

What are enzymes?

Answer 27

Enzymes are biological catalase that speed up chemical reactions.

Question 28

What is an active site?

Answer 28

The part of an enzyme where the substrate binds

Question 29

what is the enzyme substrate complex

Answer 29

When the substrate binds to the enzymes active site

Question 30

what is the lock and key theory

Answer 30

The substrate fits exactly into the enzymes active site like a key in a lock

Question 31

What happens when enzymes denature?

Answer 31

The shape of the active site changes and the enzyme no longer works

Question 32

What affects enzyme activity?

Answer 32

Temperature and PH

Question 33

what are enzyme controlled reactions?

Answer 33

Degradation: breakdown (e.g. hydrogen peroxide —> oxygen + water by catalase) Synthesis: building up (e.g. glucose–1–phosphate —> starch by phosphorylase

Question 34

what is respiration?

Answer 34

A series of enzyme controlled reactions that release energy from glucose

Question 35

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 35

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 36

Where does aerobic respiration happen?

Answer 36

In the mitochondria

Question 37

What is ATP?

Answer 37

Stores energy released from respiration

Question 38

what is energy from ATP used for?

Answer 38

It is used for muscle contraction, cell division, protein synthesis, nerve impulses, active site

Question 39

what is fermentation in an animal cell?

Answer 39

Glucose —> lactic acid + little energy

Question 40

what is fermentation in plant and yeast cells?

Answer 40

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide + little energy

Question 41

when does fermentation happen?

Answer 41

When oxygen is not available

Question 42

what is the difference in energy yield between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 42

Aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than fermentation