Cell Biology

Question 1

What are the types of cells?

Answer 1

-Animal
-Plant
-Fungal
-Bacterial

Question 2

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 2

Controls cell activities.

Question 3

What is the function of a Cell Membrane?

Answer 3

Controls entry and exit of molecules.

Question 4

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 4

Site of cell chemical reactions.

Question 5

What is the function of a ribosome?

Answer 5

Site of protein synthesis.

Question 6

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

Answer 6

Site of aerobic respiration.

Question 7

What is the function of a chloroplast?

Answer 7

Site of photosynthesis.

Question 8

What is the function of a Vacuole?

Answer 8

Stores water, sugar and salts in a solution called cell sap.

Question 9

What is the function of a Cell wall

Answer 9

Gives the cell a rigid structure.

Question 10

What is the function of a plasmid?

Answer 10

Contains additional genes that are beneficial to the cell.

Question 11

What is the cell membrane made up of?

Answer 11

Phospholipids and Proteins.

Question 12

What smaller molecules can pass through phospholipids?

Answer 12

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

Question 13

What larger molecules have to pass through proteins?

Answer 13

Glucose and amino acids

Question 14

What is diffusion?

Answer 14

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher concentration to a lower concentrations. Diffusion is passive transport.

Question 15

What is osmosis?

Answer 15

Osmosis is the movement of water from a high concentration to a low concentration down a concentration gradient.

Question 16

What happens when a plant Cell is put into a high water concentration?

Answer 16

It becomes turgid.

Question 17

What happens when a plant Cell is put into a high salt concentration?

Answer 17

It becomes plasmolysed.

Question 18

What happens when a animal Cell is put into a high water concentration?

Answer 18

It bursts.

Question 19

What happens when a animal Cell is put into a low water concentration?

Answer 19

It becomes shrivelled.

Question 20

What is active transport?

Answer 20

Active transport is the movement of molecules from a low to high concentration up a concentration gradient. This uses energy.

Question 21

What is the structure of DNA called?

Answer 21

Double stranded helix.

Question 22

Where is DNA found?

Answer 22

In the nucleus of plant, animal and fungal cells. In bacterial cells it is found in the cytoplasm.

Question 23

What are the four DNA bases?

Answer 23

Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine.

Question 24

What is the genetic code containing information for making proteins?

Answer 24

mRNA

Question 25

What do the order of the bases in mRNA determine?

Answer 25

The order of amino acids in a protein.

Question 26

Where does mRNA go from, where does it go through, and where does it arrive?

Answer 26

It goes from the nucleus, it goes through the cytoplasm, it arrives at the ribosome.

Question 27

How many different types of amino acids is a protein made up of?

Answer 27

20

Question 28

What is the function of a structural protein?

Answer 28

Offer support to the cell/organism

Question 29

What is the function of an enzyme?

Answer 29

Speed up cellular reactions and be unchanged in the process.

Question 30

What is the function of a Hormone?

Answer 30

Act as a chemical messenger carrying information from one part of an organism to another.

Question 31

What is the function of an antibody?

Answer 31

Combine with pathogens to destroy them and protect the body from disease.

Question 32

What is the function of a receptor?

Answer 32

Allow signals to be able to be transmitted across a membrane into the cell.

Question 33

What is another word for enzyme?

Answer 33

A biological catalyst.

Question 34

What is the area where a substrate attaches to an enzyme called.

Answer 34

Active site.

Question 35

What are enzymes due to their different shapes active sites?

Answer 35

Specific

Question 36

What is the shape of an enzymes active site complementary to?

Answer 36

Its substrate.

Question 37

What is a degradation reaction, and whats an example?

Answer 37

The breaking down of molecules, e.g. an enzyme breaking down starch into maltose.

Question 38

What are synthesis reactions?

Answer 38

When two substrates bond together in an active side to form one product.

Question 39

When is an enzyme most active?

Answer 39

At its optimum conditions.

Question 40

What are enzymes effected by?

Answer 40

Temperature and pH.

Question 41

What happens when enzymes are exposed to very high temperatures.

Answer 41

They become denatured.

Question 42

What is the optimum pH of pepsin?

Answer 42

pH 2

Question 43

What is the optimum pH of trypsin?

Answer 43

pH 8

Question 44

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 44

Genetically modifying an organism by transferring genes that results in an improved phenotype.

Question 45

What are some examples of genetically engineered pharmaceutical products?

Answer 45

Insulin - Used to treat diabetes Human growth hormone - used to treat some growth disorders

Question 46

State the stages of genetic engineering in order.

Answer 46

-Identify a section of DNA that had the the required gene from source chromosome. -Extract required gene. -Extract plasmid from bacterial cell. -Insert required gene into plasmid. -Insert modified plasmid into host bacterial cell to create a GM organism -GM bacterial cell divides and produces the required product.

Question 47

How do you cut open a plasmid during genetic engineering?

Answer 47

By using an enzyme.

Question 48

What are some examples of uses for the energy transferred by ATP molecules?

Answer 48

-Muscle cell contraction. -Cell division -protein synthesis -transmission of nerve impulses

Question 49

What is ATP?

Answer 49

The main energy carrying molecule in cells.

Question 50

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 50

A chemical reaction that releases the energy stored in glucose. It is described as aerobic as it takes place in the presence of oxygen.

Question 51

What is the equation for the process of aerobic respiration?

Answer 51

Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + water + energy

Question 52

During aerobic respiration what is glucose broken down into during the first stage?

Answer 52

Pyruvate

Question 53

How much ATP is produced during aerobic respiration in the first stage?

Answer 53

2 ATP

Question 54

Where does the first stage of aerobic respiration happen?

Answer 54

In the cytoplasm

Question 55

Where does the second stage of aerobic respiration happen?

Answer 55

Mitchondria

Question 56

What is pyruvate broken down into in the second stage of aerobic respiration and what does it release?

Answer 56

Carbon dioxide and water which releases enough energy to create a large number of ATP

Question 57

If a cell need lots of energy what does it have more of?

Answer 57

Mitochondria

Question 58

What happens when aerobic respiration cannot occur due to lack of oxygen?

Answer 58

Fermentation

Question 59

Is the first stage of respiration different if there is no oxygen present.

Answer 59

No, because the first stage does not require oxygen.

Question 60

What is the word equation for fermentation in animal cells?

Answer 60

Glucose --> lactate + energy Glucose is broken down into lactate

Question 61

What is the word equation for fermentation in plant cells?

Answer 61

Glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy Glucose is broken down into lactate which is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 62

Does fermentation yield more ATP than aerobic respiration?

Answer 62

No, fermentation yields only 2 ATP molecules whereas aerobic respiration can yield far more.

Question 63

What is the substance found within plant cell walls?

Answer 63

Cellulose