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Biology 0600 - TRU > Cell Biology 2 > Flashcards

Cell Biology 2 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Meiosis involves two divisions, what are they?

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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2
Q

When does DNA replication occur in Meiosis?

A

before Meiosis I but not before Meiosis II

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3
Q

where does Meiosis occur?

A

In the Gamete producing cells of the testes and ovaries

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4
Q

Meiosis reduces the number of ______ by half

A

chromosomes

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5
Q

The end result of meiosis is ___?

A

Four haploid daughter cells, each unique from each other

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6
Q

The purpose of Meiosis is the production of ___?

A

Haploid (n) ovum and sperm

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7
Q

As Prophase I begins the ____ are visible

A

chromosomes

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8
Q

The Spindle fibers now from in ___?

A

Meiosis I , Prophase I

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9
Q

Homologous chromosome pairs join forming a group of ___ or ____

A

four or tetrad (synapsis)

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10
Q

In which phase of Meiosis I does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I

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11
Q

In which phase of Meiosis I does the centriole pair move to opposite poles and the nuclear envelope and nucleolus fragment occur?

A

Prophase I

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12
Q

What happens in: Meiosis I - Metaphase I

A

-spindle fiber is fully formed
-the tetrads move to the equator of the cell and align
-the tetrads align in a random manner and different alignments occur during each meiosis division
-this ensures genetic variation

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13
Q

In what phase of meiosis I do the tetrads move to the equator of the cell and align?

A

Metaphase I

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14
Q

What does Independent alignment ensure?

A

Genetic variation

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15
Q

What happens in Meiosis I, Anaphase I?

A
  • At the beginning of Anaphase I the homologous chromosomes separate and move toward the poles
    -the sister chromatids of each chromosome remain attached to one another
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16
Q

What happens in Meiosis I, Telophase I and Interkinesis?

A

-the dyads (sister chromatids that aren’t identical due to crossing over) bunch at opposite poles
-the cell elongates and pinches in
-the cleavage furrow them in forms, along with the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus
-the spindle fibers then begin to fragment
INTERKINESIS- a short phase and the end of Meiosis I and Prior to Meiosis II **DNA is NOT replicated during interkinesis

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17
Q

What is a dyad?

A

sister chromatids that aren’t identical due to crossing over

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18
Q

What is Interkinesis?

A

a short phase and the end of Meiosis I and Prior to Meiosis II **DNA is NOT replicated during interkinesis

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19
Q

What are the phases in Meiosis I?

A

-Prophase I
-Metaphase I
-Anaphase I
-Telophase I
- Interkinesis

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20
Q

What happens in: Telophase I end:

A
  • reduction of chromosome number has been achieved
    -the cells have one chromosome from each homologue pair
    -their chromosomes still consist of two sister chromatids
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21
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis II?

A

to separate the paired chromosomes

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22
Q

What happens in: Meiosis II, Prophase II

A
  • Chromosome pairs are visible
  • Spindle fibers form for dyad attachment and dyads begin to migrate to the cell equator
    -one centriole pair migrates to the opposite pole and the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate
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23
Q

In what phase of meiosis II do the Spindle fibers form for dyad attachment and dyads begin to migrate to the cell equator?

A

Prophase II

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24
Q

what is crossing over?

A

gene recombination

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25
What happens in: Meiosis II, Metaphase II
-Dyads are aligned at cell equator -The spindle fibers are fully formed and centrioles pairs are now at opposite poles
26
What happens in: Meiosis II, Anaphase II
- The centromere divides and separates the dyads into individual chromosomes - The individual chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles
27
What happens in: Meiosis II, Telophase II
-the single chromosomes congregate at opposite poles -the nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform -the spindle fibers disintegrate -the cleavage furrow results in cytokinesis -the chromosomes begin to de-condense into chromatin -the result of meiosis II is 4 daughter cells unique to each other and the original parent cell. -the chromosome number has been reduced by half
28
What is the result of Meiosis II?
The result of meiosis II is 4 daughter cells unique to each other and the original parent cell. -The chromosome number has been reduced by half
29
What are the phases of Meiosis II?
-Prophase II -Metaphase II -Anaphase II -Telophase II -Daughter cells
30
What does Heredity mean?
Heredity is the passing of traits from parent(s) to child(ren). *our genes encode the instructions that define our traits
31
how many chromosomes do humans have?
two complete sets of 23 chromosomes (46 in total)
32
Physical traits:
-Height -Hair colour -Eye colour ...etc
33
Behavioural traits
the way one acts
34
What does homozygous mean?
having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes
35
What does Heterozygous mean?
having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes
36
What is the Genotype?
The genetic construction of an individual organism
37
What is Phenotype?
The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
38
What are alleles?
different versions of genes
39
Cellular metabolism
chemical reactions occurring in your cell
40
What does NAD stand for?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
41
What does FAD stand for/
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
42
What are NAD & FAD
Organic coenzymes. -They function as a hydrogen shuttle, carrying H+ ions from one reaction to another
43
Define Endergonic
A chemical reaction that requires net input of energy * Photosynthesis needs solar energy
44
Define Exergonic
A chemical reaction that releases energy *Converting ATP to ADP releases energy
45
Energy coupling
Using the energy released by an exergonic reaction to run or fuel an endergonic reaction
46
Where does Cellular respiration occur?
Mitochondria
47
What is cellular respiration?
The exchange of gases within the cell
48
Aerobic
This process NEEDS oxygen and it is the more efficient way of producing ATP from a glucose molecule
49
Anaerobic
This process DOES NOT need oxygen. It is less efficient in producing ATP from glucose
50
fatty acids and amino acids can also be used to generate what?
ATP
51
In Aerobic cellular respiration there are 3 major metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of ATP. What are they?
1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb's Cycle or the citric acid cycle 3. Electron Transport System (ETS)
52
What happens in Glycolysis?
Process by which a glucose molecule is broken down
53
What is the Kreb's Cycle?
The production of ATP, NADH, & FADH
54
What does the Electron transport system (ETS) do?
It is the production of ATP
55
Where does Glycolysis occur?
In the cells cytoplasm, near the mitochondria
56
In Glycolysis what are the two general phases in glucose breakdown?
1. Energy Investment - this phase uses 2 ATP 2. Energy Harvest - this phase produces 4 ATP as H+ ions are stripped from glucose and are carried by NAD to the next reaction
57
Where does the transition reaction take place?
in the matrix of the mitochondria
58
What high energy molecule fuels the Kreb's cycle?
acetyl-CoA
59
Where does the kreb's cycle occur?
In the matrix of the mitochondria
60
What is a Coenzyme?
an organic, non-protein, many are vitamins
61
What is a Cofactor?
A largely inorganic non-protein
62
Competitive inhibitors
mimic the shape of the normal substrate and bind to the active site, preventing normal enzyme-substrate binding
63
Non-competitive inhibitors
Bind to sites other than the active site causing a change in the shape of the active site so normal enzyme-substrate binding will not occur
64
Enzyme inhibitors are permanent if they form what?
covalent bonds
65
What is Anaerobic cellular respiration
The process by which ATP is produced by the breakdown of glucose when oxygen is not available *used by bacteria, yeast and protists. muscle tissue also may use this method

Biology 0600 - TRU (6 decks)

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