Cell Biology and Cell Division Flashcards
(43 cards)
Difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
Prokaryotic cells have genetic material stored as a single DNA loop
What is a plasmid?
Small ring of DNA
What is the difference in size between plant / animal cells and bacterial cells
Bacterial cells are much smaller
3 things a plant cell has that an animal cell does not
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
What is a cell wall made of?
Cellulose
All parts of an animal cell and their function
Nucleus - Genetic material and controls the cell
Mitochondria - Respiration - ‘Powerhouse’
Cytoplasm - Where all reactions take place
Cell membrane - Controls what goes in and out
Ribosomes - Protein synthesis (make proteins)
Adaptations of a sperm cell
Tail to move quickly to the egg
Lots of mitochondria for energy
An acrosome (tip of head) to release enzymes that digest the egg membrane
Adaptations of a nerve cell
The axon can carry messages over long distances
The axon is insulated by a myelin sheath which speeds up the nerve impulses
Dendrites at the ends for improved communication with other cells
Adaptations of a muscle cell
Many mitochondia to release energy for contraction
Protein filaments that can slide over eachother for muscle contraction
Adaptations of root hair cell
Large surface area for inscreased water absorption
Lots of mitochondria to release energy needed for active transport
Adaptations of xylem
Made from connected dead xylem cells
Ends of each dead cell are broken to allow water to pass through
Lignin strengthens the xylem cell walls
Adaptations of phloem
Made of collumns of living cells
The end walls of phloem cells contain small holes to allow food products to move up and down the phloem vessels
What is cell differentiation?
The process of cells becoming specialised for a specific function
What is the difference between cell differentiation in plant cells and animal cells?
Animal cells differentiate at an early stage
Plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life
What do we call a cell that has become differentiated?
A specilaised cell
What makes an electron microscope better than a light microscope?
Higher magnification
Higher resolution
(Can study sub-cellular structures)
Magnification =
(formula)
Size of image /
Real object size
What is agar jelly?
Substance used to breed bacteria as it has the perfect conditions
Why must the petri dish be sterilised before adding agar jelly and bacteria?
To ensure only the bacteria wanted in the petri dish is present
What is an inoculating loop?
Swabbing device for transfering bacteria into the Petri dish
What happens during the cell cycle?
Cell division
What do chromosomes carry?
Large amounts of genes
How many pairs of chromosomes is normal?
23
What does PMAT stand for?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
