Infection, Response and Respiration

Question 1

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 1

Disease that can spread

Question 2

The 4 pathogens

Answer 2

Virus
Protist
Bacteria
Fungi

Question 3

What is produced by bacteria?

Answer 3

Toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill

Question 4

2 Viral diseases for humans

Answer 4

Measles and HIV

Question 5

What is HIV?

Answer 5

Flu-like illness spread by sexual conatct or transfer of bodily fluids

Question 6

What are measles?

Answer 6

Fever and red skin rash symptoms
Can be fatal - must be vaccinated
Airborne

Question 7

Viral disease in plants

Answer 7

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Question 8

What is Tobacco moasic virus?

Answer 8

Mosaic pattern on leaves
Affects the growth of plants because less photosynthesis

Question 9

2 Bacterial diseases for humans

Answer 9

Salmonella food poisoning and Gonorrhoea

Question 10

What is gonorrhoea?

Answer 10

STD with thick yellow or green discharge from penis when urinating
Controlled with antibiotic and barrier contraception

Question 11

What is salmonella?

Answer 11

Spread through bacteria in food
Controlled by poultry being vaccinated
Fever, abdominal cramps and diarrhoea

Question 12

Name a fungal disease

Answer 12

Rose black spot

Question 13

What is rose black spot?

Answer 13

Spots develop on leaves, turn yellow and drop off
Affects growth because less photosynthesis
Spread by water and wind
Controlled with fungicides or removing dead leaves

Question 14

Give a protist disease

Answer 14

Malaria

Question 15

What is malaria

Answer 15

Episodes of fever and can be fatal
Controlled by stopping the vectors (mosquitos)

Question 16

4 bodily defences to pathogens

Answer 16

Skin
Nose
Trachea and bronchi
Stomach

Question 17

What do antibodies do?

Answer 17

Neutralise the pathogens

Question 18

What do antitoxins do?

Answer 18

Neutralise toxins produced by harmful bacteria

Question 19

What 2 things do white blood cells produce?

Answer 19

Antibodies and antitoxins

Question 20

How does vaccination work?

Answer 20

Injection of dead forms of a pathogen to stimulate the production of antibodies
This is so that the body has the antibodies ready if the real pathogen enters

Question 21

Example of an antibiotic

Answer 21

Penicillin

Question 22

How do antibiotics work

Answer 22

They kill harmful bacteria
Specific antibiotics for specific bacteria

Question 23

What are 2 problems with antibiotics

Answer 23

Resistant strains of bacteria can form and breed
Cannot kill viral pathogens

Question 24

Where is digitalis derived from?

Answer 24

Foxgloves

Question 25

Where is aspirin derived from?

Answer 25

Willow plant

Question 26

How was penicillin discovered?

Answer 26

Alexander Flemming - Penicillium mould

Question 27

What must happen with a drug before releasing it to the public?

Answer 27

Preclinical testing on cells and tissues and live animals Clinical trials with very low dosage on healthy patients before testing further to find the right dosage

Question 28

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Answer 28

Inject pathogen into a mouse Let the mouse produce the specific antibodies Combine these cells with cancer cells (because reproduce rapidly) to form hybridoma cells Harvest JUST the antibodies (monoclonal antibodies)

Question 29

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 29

Pregnancy test diagnosis Detecting pathogens and chemicals in the body Fighting disease and illness

Question 30

Equation for photosynthesis

Answer 30

Carbon dioxide + water --->(light)---> oxygen + glucose

Question 31

What is C6H12O6

Answer 31

Glucose

Question 32

Metabolism is ...

Answer 32

The sum of all reactions in our body

Question 33

If insufficient oxygen is supplied --- takes place in muscles

Answer 33

Anaerobic respiration

Question 34

Glucose from photosynthesis may be used for ...

Answer 34

Respiration

Question 35

Equation for anaerobic respiration in plants equation

Answer 35

Glucose -----> Ethanol + CO2

Question 36

Why does heart rate increase during exercise

Answer 36

To provide muscles with more oxygenated blood

Question 37

How can plant diseases be detected?

Answer 37

Stunted growth Spots on leaves Areas of rot Discolouration Presence of pests

Question 38

Give a viral disease for plants

Answer 38

Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 38

Give a fungal disease for plants

Answer 38

Rose black spot

Question 39

Nitrate ions are needed for...

Answer 39

Protein synthesis and therefore growth

Question 40

Magnesium ions are needed for...

Answer 40

Making chlorophyll

Question 41

Give 3 physical plant defence responses

Answer 41

Waxy cuticle on leaves Dead cells around stems (bark) Cellulose cell walls

Question 42

Give 2 chemical plant defence responses

Answer 42

Antibacterial chemicals Poisons

Question 43

Give 2 mechanical adaptations for plants against disease

Answer 43

Mimicry to trick animals Leaves that curl when touched Hairs or thorns