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Biology > Cell biology - Topic 1 > Flashcards

Cell biology - Topic 1 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell

A

a cell that doesn’t store DNA in a nucleus

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2
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

a cell that stores DNA in a nucleus

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3
Q

what are the subcellular structures of an animal cell

A

nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes

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4
Q

what are the subcellular structures of a plant cell

A

nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole

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5
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

it stores the genetic information / DNA of the cell

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6
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

it controls what goes in and out of the cell and holds it together

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7
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm

A

it is where the chemical reactions take place

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8
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

they are where aerobic respiration takes place

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9
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes

A

they perform protein synthesis

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10
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

it strengthens and supports the cell

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11
Q

what is the cell wall made of

A

cellulose

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12
Q

what is the function of the vacuole

A

it contains cell sap

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13
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts

A

it is where photosynthesis takes place

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14
Q

what are the subcellular structures of a bacterial cell

A

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmid DNA, a circular strand of DNA

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15
Q

what are 2 differences between light and electron microscopes

A

electron microscopes have a higher resolution, electron microscopes have a higher level of magnification

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16
Q

what is the equation for magnification

A

magnification = image size ÷ actual size

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17
Q

how big is one micrometer

A

1 micrometer = 0.001 milimeters

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18
Q

how to prepare a slide to look at an onion cell

A
  1. add a drop of water to a clean slide
  2. cut onion, remove epidermal tissue with tweezers
  3. place epidermal tissue on water with tweezers
  4. add iodine solution to colour the cells
  5. place cover strip at angle to avoid air bubbles
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19
Q

how to use a light microscope

A
  1. clip slide onto stage
  2. select the lowest powered objective lens
  3. move slide to just below objective lens with coarse adjustment knob
  4. look down eyepiece and use coarse adjustment knob until roughly in focus
  5. use fine adjustment knob until clear image
  6. use higher powered objective lens and refocus for higher magnification
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19
Q

what is differentiation

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised to its job

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20
Q

what is an undifferentiated cell called

A

a stem cell

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21
Q

how are sperm cells specialised

Study These Flashcards
A

long tail and streamlined head to swim to egg, many mitochondria to provide energy needed, enzymes in head to digest the egg cell membrane

22
Q

how are nerve cells specialised

Study These Flashcards
A

long to cover more distance, branched connections at the ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body

23
Q

how are muscle cells specialised

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A

long so they can contract, many mitochondria to provide energy needed for contraction

24
how are root hair cells specialised
long "hair" to increase surface area so more water and minerals can be absorbed from the soil
25
how are xylem and phloem cells specialised
xylem cells are hollow and phloem cells have very few subcellular structures so that substances can flow through them
26
where can stem cells be found
embryos, bone marrow, unbilical cord
27
why are embryonic stem cells more useful than adult stem cells
they can turn into any kind of specialised cell, adult cells can onto turn into certain types
28
what can stem cells be used for
curing diseases, replacing faulty cells in sick people (i.e. nerve cells in paralyzed people)
29
why are some people against stem cell research
they believe human embryos shouldnt be used in experiments as they are potential life
30
where are stem cells found in plants
the meristems
31
why are stem cells in plants useful
they can produce clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply, they can be used to grow whole crops of plants with desirable feature such as resistance to disease
32
what are chromosomes
coiled up lengths of DNA that carry a large number of genes
32
how many chromosomes are in the body
23 pairs
33
what is mitosis
the stage in the cell cycle where the cell divides
34
what is mitosis used for
growing and replacing cells that have been damaged
35
what is the process of the cell cycle (growth and DNA replication, mitosis)
1. in a cell thats not dividing the DNA is in long strings 2. the cell grows and increases the number of subcellular structures 3. the DNA duplicates 4. the chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell and then split in half and go to opposite ends 5. membranes form around each set of chromosomes and become the nuclei of the 2 new cells 6. the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to produce 2 identical daughter cells
36
what is binary fission
prokaryotic cells dividing
37
how do you calculate the number of bacteria in a population
1. divide the total time by the mean division time to find the number of divisions 2. do 2 to the power of the number of divisions to find the number of cells
37
what is the process of binary fission
1. the circular DNA and plasmids replicate 2. the cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands go to opposite ends of the cell 3. the cytoplasm divides and new cell walls form 4. 2 daughter cells are made
38
how do you make sure you avoid contamination when investigating microorganisms
pass the inoculating loop through a flame, sterilise the petri dishes and culture medium by heating to a high temperature, lightly tape on the lid to prevent microorganisms from the air getting in, store upside down to prevent condensation dripping
38
why should you use a control when investigating the effects of antibiotics
to make sure that any difference in the growth of bacteria around the discs is due to the antibiotics and not any other factors
39
how do you calculate the zone of inhibition when investigating the effects of antibiotics
area = pi x radius²
40
what is diffusion
the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
41
what factors affect diffusion
concentration gradient, temperature, surface area, distance
42
what is osmosis
the movement of water particles through a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
43
what is the method for the osmosis potato practical
1. cut up a potato into identical cylinders, measure the mass off each, recording in a table 2. put each in a breaker with a different concentration of sugar solution, one should be pure water 3. after being left in the beakers for a few hours, take them out, dry off excess water and measure the mass again 4. calculate the percentage change in mass, in the mass has increased they have taken in water and if it decreased water has been drawn out
44
what is active transport
the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy
45
where is active transport used
in root hair cells of plants, in the gut when there is a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood than in the gut
46
how are the alveoli specialised to maximise diffusion
large surface area, moist lining to dissolve gases, thin walls, good blood supply
47
how are the villi specialised to maximise substance exchange
single cell thick membrane, micro villi to increase surface area, large surface area, good blood flow
48
how are leaves adapted to maximise diffusion
flat shape increases surface area, stomata allows carbon dioxide in and oxygen and water vapour out, walls of the cells inside the leaf form other exchange surfaces and increase surface area
49
how are fish adapted for gas exchange
the blood and water flow in opposite directions, which maintains a large concentration gradient, gills have a large surface area for gas exchange

Biology (7 decks)

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