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Biology > Organisation - Topic 2 > Flashcards

Organisation - Topic 2 Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

how do you get from cells to organ systems

A

cells - tissues - organs - organ systems

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2
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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3
Q

what is an organ

A

a group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

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4
Q

what is an organ system

A

a group of organs working together to perform a particular function

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5
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

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6
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a biological catalyst made of proteins

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7
Q

what is the lock and key model

A

every enzyme has an active site with a unique shape that fits only one type of substrate, for the enzyme to work the substrate must fit the active site

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8
Q

how does temperature affect enzymes

A

a higher temperature increases the rate at first, but if it gets too hot then the active site will denature (change shape) so the substrate wont fit anymore and the enzyme wont work, their optimum temperature is body temperature (37 degrees)

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9
Q

how does pH affect enzymes

A

if the pH is too high or low then it will denature the enzyme, all enzymes have an optimum pH, often 7 however it may be different (i.e. pepsin is used to break down proteins in the stomach and works best at pH 2)

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10
Q

what does amylase break down and what does it turn into

A

starch into glucose

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11
Q

what does protease break down and what does it turn into

A

proteins into amino acids

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12
Q

what does lipase break down and what does it turn into

A

lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids

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13
Q

where is amylase found

A

the pancreas, salivary glands and small intestine

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14
Q

where is protease found

A

the stomach (it is called pepsin there), the pancreas and the small intestine

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15
Q

where is lipase found

A

the pancreas and the small intestine

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16
Q

where is bile produced and what does it do

A

it is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, then released into the small intestine, it emulsifies fat so that it can be digested by lipase and neutralises stomach acid so it isnt too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine to work

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17
Q

what are the parts of the digestive system

A

salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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18
Q

what does the liver do

A

produces bile which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat

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19
Q

what does the gall bladder do

A

stores bile and then releases it into the small intestine

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20
Q

what does the large intestine do

A

absorbs excess water from food

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21
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

produces protease, amylase and lipase to complete digestion, where nutrients from the digested food are absorbed into the blood

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22
Q

why does the stomach produce acid

A

to kill bacteria and to provide the right conditions for pepsin (pH 2)

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23
Q

what does the stomach do

A

pummels the food with its muscular walls, produces the protease pepsin and produces hydrochloric acid

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24
Q

what is the food test for sugars

A

the benedicts test - solution will go from blue to green, yellow or red depending on how much sugar is present

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25
what is the food test for starch
the iodine test - solution will go from brown -orange to blue - black if starch is present
26
what is the food test for proteins
the biuret test - solution will go from blue to purple if protein is present
27
what is the food test for lipids
the emulsion test - mix sample with ethanol and water and shake, will go cloudy if lipids are present
28
what is the thorax
the top part of the body where your lungs are
29
what is the texture of the lungs
pink and spongy
30
what are the parts of the lungs
trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli, ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm
31
what do the alveoli do
carry out gas exchange in the body
32
how do you work out breathing rate in breaths per minute
breathing rate = number of breaths ÷ number of minutes
33
how are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange
-good blood flow to maintain concentration gradient -large surface area to maximise area for exchange -moist to dissolve gases -thin membrane (one cell thick) to minimise distance for diffusion
34
where are the pacemaker cells and what do they do
they are in the wall of the right atrium and send small electrical impulses to the surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract (and making the heart beat)
35
what is the purpose of the valves in the heart
to make sure blood flows in the right direction
36
what are the parts of the heart (in order of where blood goes)
vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
37
which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood
the left side (right of the diagram)
38
what are the 3 types of blood vessel and what do they do
-arteries (carry blood away from the heart) -veins (carry blood to the heart) -capillaries (carry blood to individual cells)
39
how are arteries adapted to their job
-muscular, elastic walls as the blood is pumped at high pressure so they stretch and spring back -thin lumen to keep high pressure
40
how are veins adapted to their job
-blood is at a lower pressure so they have thinner walls and a thicker lumen -valves to make sure blood flows in the right direction -elastic walls so they can stretch
41
how are capillaries adapted to their job
-thin wall (one cell thick) so that diffusion distance is minimised -permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
42
how do you calculate rate of blood flow
blood flow = volume of blood ÷ number of minutes
43
what is blood made up of
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
44
what do red blood cells do
carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body
45
how are red blood cells adapted for their job
-their shape is a biconcave disc (has a dip in the middle) to give a large surface area to absorb more oxygen -they have no nucleus to make more room for oxygen -they contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
46
what do white blood cells do
defend against infection, some engulf microorganisms (phagocytosis) and others produce antibodies to fight microorganisms
47
what do platelets do
they help the blood to clot at a wound which prevents you from bleeding out and stops microorganisms getting in
48
what does the plasma contain
red and white blood cells, platelets, nutrients (i.e. glucose and amino acids), carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins
49
what is coronary heart disease
when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by fatty plaques building up, causing the arteries to get narrow, which causes a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle and can lead to a heart attack
50
what is coronary heart disease caused by
diet high in saturated fats, smoking, obesity, lack of excercise
51
what do stents do
stents are tubes that are inserted into the artery and keep them open, making sure blood can get to the heart muscle and the heart can keep beating
52
what are the advantages of using stents to treat coronary heart disease
they keep the artery open and reduce risk of a heart attack, the recovery time from the surgery is quick, they are effective for a long time
53
what are the disadvantages of using stents to treat coronary heart disease
there is a risk of complications during the surgery, plaques can still build up on top of the stent if lifestyle factors do not change, there is a risk of developing a blood clot near the stent
54
what do statins do
reduce the amount of 'bad' cholesterol in the blood which slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming
55
what are the advantages of using statins to treat coronary heart disease
they reduce the 'bad' cholesterol in the blood which reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, they can increase the amount of 'good' cholesterol in the blood, they do not require surgery
56
what are the disadvantages of using statins to treat coronary heart disease
they must be taken every day, someone may forget to take them, the effects are not instant, they can cause negative side effects such as headaches and even kidney damage
57
what is an artificial heart
a mechanical device that pumps blood for a person whos own heart has failed, they are usually used as a temporary fix until a donor heart can be found but are sometimes used as a permanent fix
58
what are the disadvantages of an artificial heart
they dont work as well as a healthy, natural heart, the electrical motor could wear out or fail, patients have to take blood thinners as blood doesnt flow as smoothly inside them which can lead to blood clots, the surgery can lead to bleeding and infection
59
what are the advantages of an artificial heart
they are less likely to be rejected by the bodys immune system than a donor heart as they are made from metal or plastic and so are not recognised as foreign by the immune system
60
what does a faulty heart valve cause
blood may flow in both directions instead of only forward which causes the blood to not circulate as efficiently as normal
61
how can a faulty heart valve be fixed
replacement valves can be taken from other humans or mammals, or they can be man made, the surgery is less intensive than a heart transplant but there is still a risk of blood clots
62
what are communicable and non communicable diseases
communicable diseases are spread from person to person or between people and animals, non communicable diseases cannot spread between people or people and animals
63
what factors can cause bad health
life situation, diet, stress
64
what is cancer caused by
uncontrolled cell growth and division as a result of mutations to cells which causes a tumour
65
what is a benign tumour
a typically non dangerous tumour that is contained within a membrane rather than invading other tissues in the body, it grows until there is no more room
66
what is a malignant tumour
a dangerous and cancerous tumour that grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues, it can break off and travel through the blood stream causing secondary tumours elsewhere in the body
66
what are the lifestyle risks for cancer
smoking, obesity, UV exposure, viral infections
67
what are the parts of a leaf
-waxy cuticle -upper epidermis -palisade mesophyll tissue -spongy mesophyll tissue -lower epidermis -stomata and guard cells
68
what does the waxy cuticle do
prevents water loss from evaporation
69
how is the upper epidermis adapted
it is transparent to allow light to get through to the palisade layer
70
how is the palisade layer adapted
it has lots of chloroplasts so that they are near the top of the leaf and can get lots of light
71
how are the tissues of leaves adapted for gas exchange
the stomata let carbon dioxide diffuse directly into the leaf and can be opened and closed by the guard cells, the air spaces in the spongy mesophyll layer increase the rate of diffusion of gases
72
what do phloems do
they transport food substances (mainly dissolved sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant via translocation, the transport goes both ways
73
how are phloems adapted
they have pores in the end walls to allow substances to flow through, the companion cells around them have many mitochondria to provide energy for active transport
74
what do xylems do
they carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves and stem via the transpiration stream
75
how are xylems adapted
they are made of dead cells that are hollow and have no end walls between them to allow water and mineral ions to flow through, they are made of a strong substance called lignin
76
what is transpiration
the loss of water from a plant, caused by the evaporation of water from a plants surface, most of it happens at the leaves
77
what factors affect the rate of transpiration
light intensity (more = higher rate), temperature (warmer = higher rate), humidity (drier = higher rate), air flow (more = higher rate)
77
how can you measure transpiration rate
using a potometer and record the distance the bubble moves in a certain time
78
how do guard cells work
they go turgid to open the stomata so that gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis when the plant has a lot of water, they go flaccid to close the stomata when the plant does not have a lot of water to stop water loss

Biology (7 decks)

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