cell biologychapter 2

Question 1

how many bonds to oxygen, nitrogen and carbon typically make

Answer 1

2,3,4

Question 2

A double bond between two atom prevents

Answer 2

rotation around this bond

Question 3

weak noncovalant bonds allow for

Answer 3

surface interactions of molecules

Question 4

Biomolecules containing polar and ionic bonds often tend to be_____ while those containing non-polar bonds tend to be hydrophobic.

Answer 4

hydrophilic

Question 5

amphipathic.

Answer 5

A single molecule can contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains

Question 6

Molecules that _____ protons to water to form H3O+ are ___

Answer 6

donate, acids

Question 7

Molecules that ____ H + ions from water (solution) are ___

Answer 7

remove, bases

Question 8

protonation means

Answer 8

donation of protons to the compound.

Question 9

phosphates typically interact well with

Answer 9

water and charged protein surfaces

Question 10

phosphates are —- ——-

Answer 10

polar and charged

Question 11

when phosphate and carboxyl group is _____ it releases _____

Answer 11

hydrolyzed, large amount of energy

Question 12

what are 3 common chemica groups for proteins and nucleic acids

Answer 12

amnines, alcohol, carboxylic acid groups

Question 13

Reactions that build polymers from monomers and liberate water in the process are known as:

Answer 13

condensation reactions

Question 14

what is a product od a condensation reaction

Answer 14

OH + H ->water

Question 15

what polymers are created through condensation reactions

Answer 15

polysaccharide, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 16

two monosaccarides creaate _____ by _____

Answer 16

a disaccharide (a polymer) by condensation

Question 17

Sugars can exist in

___________different which may be recognized _____

Answer 17

stereoisomers, differently.

Question 18

the polymer backbone of a sugar can be _____

Answer 18

branched

Question 19

what are some exaples of dissaccarides

Answer 19

maltose, lactose, sucrose

Question 20

oligosaccharides are

Answer 20

short chains or repeating units or sugar

Question 21

fatty acids are _______

Answer 21

amphipathic

Question 22

lipds are important to ______ and ______

Answer 22

membranes and steroid hormones

Question 23

______ are the main constituent of membranes _______ and ______ are also found in
membranes

Answer 23

Phospholipids Polyisopreniods

and glycolipids

Question 24

whats makes up a phospholipid head and tail

Answer 24

head- polar group, phosphate, glycerol

tail hydrophobic fatty acid

Question 25

Proteins = amino acids _____ in a series of _________ reactions.

Answer 25

polymerized, condensation

Question 26

A peptide chain, like each amino acid has an _______ end and a _______ end

Answer 26

NH2 (amino) end and a COOH (carboxyl) end

Question 27

by ultracentrifugation hemoglobin protein sediments in a

Answer 27

single band

Question 28

what is the main differance between a protein and a peptide

Answer 28

proteins are longer and have N terninus to the left , peptides are much shorter

Question 29

peptide bonds are made by __________ reactions

Answer 29

condensation

Question 30

peptide bonds for a _______ plantar unit

Answer 30

ridgid (there is no rotation around a C-N bond

Question 31

what are Four general types of amino acids?

Answer 31

acidic, basic, uncharged polar and non-polar

Question 32

Acidic and basic amino acids can make ____ bonds and interact strongly with ____

Answer 32

ionic, water

Question 33

Uncharged polar are often sites of ___________

Answer 33

modification,by | kinases and phosphatases

Question 34

typically the R groups of acidic are ______ and bases are

Answer 34

negative , positive

Question 35

the ___ group is ____ on uncharged polar chains in amino acids

Answer 35

OH ,polar

Question 36

non polar side chains in amino acids can form

Answer 36

disulfide bonds, which help determine the stucture of protein

Question 37

what makes up a neucleotide

Answer 37

a nitrogen base , a five carbon sugar, at least one phosphate group

Question 38

that ATP and GTP serve to regulate many _________ &__________

Answer 38

protein activities and | Interactions in cells

Question 39

what are 3 functions that nucleotide have

Answer 39

- carry energy in thier hydrolized bonds - combine w/ other groups to form co-enzymes - used as signalling molecues