Cell-Cell Communication Flashcards by Andrea Canoy

Molecule involved in binding cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix

Adhesion Molecule

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Phosphorylation where a protein kinase adds a phosphate group to itself

Autophosphorylation

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Protein from TGF-β family inducing lens development

BMP4 (Bone Morphogenic Protein 4)

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Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Canonical Wnt Pathway

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Integral proteins binding external signals and spanning plasma membrane

Cell-surface receptors (Transmembrane receptors)

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Organism made of cells from two or more individuals with different DNA

Chimeras

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Ability of a cell/tissue to respond to an inductive signal

Competence

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Process where a less specialized cell becomes more specialized

Differentiation

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Protein activated by Wnt binding to Frizzled receptors

Disheveled

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Molecule that triggers a cellular response after signal reception

Effector

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Sheets or tubes of connected cells

Epithelia

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Kinase in RTK pathway that phosphorylates transcription factors

ERK (Extracellular signal-regulated kinase)

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Network secreted by cells providing structural and biochemical support

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

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Growth factor acting as an inducer in lens induction

Fgf8 (Fibroblast growth factor 8)

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Family of paracrine factors involved in development

Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Family

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Receptors for Wnt proteins

Frizzled gene family

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Cell-surface receptors using G-protein intermediaries

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

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Principle that response to inducer depends on genome of responding tissue

Genetic specificity of induction

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Transcription factor in Hedgehog pathway, mammalian homolog of Drosophila Ci

Gli

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Protein activating Ras by exchanging GDP for GTP

GNRP (Guanine Nucleotide Releasing Protein)

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Enzyme preventing β-catenin dissociation from APC without Wnt signal

GSK-3 (Glycogen synthase kinase 3)

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Paracrine factor family important in limb patterning

Hedgehog Family

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Binding of an adhesion molecule to a different molecule on adjacent cell

Heterophilic binding

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Binding of an adhesion molecule to an identical molecule on adjacent cell

Homophilic binding

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Tissue producing signal that changes behavior of another tissue

Inducer

Close-range interaction where one tissue influences development of another

Induction

Interaction where inducing cell's signal is necessary to initiate new gene expression

Instructive interaction

Receptors inside cytoplasm responding to hydrophobic ligands

Internal receptors (Intracellular or cytoplasmic receptors)

Cell-surface receptors acting as ion channels opening upon ligand binding

Ion channel-linked receptors

Non-receptor tyrosine kinase in JAK-STAT pathway

JAK (Janus kinase)

Cell communication via direct protein interaction between adjacent cells

Juxtacrine signaling

Transcription factor induced by Fgf8 in lens induction

L-Maf

Signaling molecule that binds to a receptor protein

Ligand

Ion channel opening in response to ligand binding

Ligand-gated ion channel

Kinase in RTK pathway phosphorylating ERK

MEK (MAP kinase kinase)

Loosely packed, unconnected cells derived from mesoderm or neural crest

Mesenchyme

Biological process shaping organism's form

Morphogenesis

Embryonic structure developing into brain and spinal cord

Neural tube

Wnt signaling pathways not involving β-catenin (e.g., Wnt/JNK, Wnt/Calcium)

Noncanonical Pathways

Juxtacrine pathway involved in cell fate determination

Notch Pathway

Mutated proto-oncogene contributing to cancer development

Oncogene

Structure from optic vesicle forming pigmented and neural retina

Optic cup

Brain outgrowths inducing head ectoderm changes during eye development

Optic vesicles

Proteins secreted by cells that diffuse locally to act on adjacent cells

Paracrine Factors (Growth and Differentiation Factors)

Protein binding Sonic hedgehog in Hedgehog pathway

Patched protein

Transcription factor acting as competence factor for lens induction

Pax6

Interaction where responding tissue is pre-specified and environment allows trait expression

Permissive interaction

Enzyme removing phosphate groups from proteins

Phosphatase

Addition of phosphate group to molecule altering protein activity

Phosphorylation

Enzyme adding phosphate group to protein

Protein kinase

Genes active in development, repressed in adults; mutations can cause cancer

Proto-oncogenes

Kinase in RTK pathway activated by Ras

Raf

Small GTPase acting as molecular switch in RTK pathway

Ras (G protein)

Molecule to which ligand binds

Receptor protein

Enzymatic receptors activated by ligand binding with tyrosine kinase activity

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)

Mutual inductions where inducing tissue is also induced by the tissue it induces

Reciprocal Inductions

Principle that mesenchyme source determines epithelial derivative structure

Regional Specificity of Induction

Tissue being induced; target of induction

Responder

Conversion of extracellular signal into intracellular signal

Signal Transduction

Series of enzyme reactions in response to paracrine factors

Signal Transduction Cascades

Transcription factors in JAK-STAT pathway

STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription)

Scientists demonstrating genetic specificity of induction via transplantation experiments

Spemann, Hans and Schotté, Oscar

Large family of paracrine factors involved in development

TGF-β Superfamily

Protein controlling transcription rate by binding DNA sequence

Transcription factor

Family of cysteine-rich glycoproteins acting as paracrine factors in development

Wnt Family

What are the basic requirements for cell-to-cell communication?

Ligand & Receptor

What is a ligand?

Signaling molecule

What is a receptor protein?

Binds ligand

Where can receptor proteins be located?

Plasma membrane or inside cell

What is homophilic binding?

Identical adhesion molecules bind

What is heterophilic binding?

Non-identical adhesion molecules bind

What are the two main types of receptors based on location?

Cell-surface & Internal receptors

What is a cell-surface (transmembrane) receptor?

Spans membrane, binds external signals

What is an internal (intracellular/cytoplasmic) receptor?

In cytoplasm, binds hydrophobic ligands

What are the three main subclasses of membrane receptors?

Ion channel-linked, Enzymatic (RTK), GPCR

What is an ion channel-linked receptor?

Opens ion channel in response to ligand

What is an enzymatic receptor (RTK)?

Enzyme activated by ligand

What is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)?

Uses G-protein intermediary

What are the three main stages of signal transduction?

Reception, Transduction, Response

What is signal transduction?

External signal → internal response

What is a signal transduction cascade?

Series of enzyme reactions

What is the function of a protein kinase?

Adds phosphate to protein

What is the function of a phosphatase?

Removes phosphate from protein

What is phosphorylation?

Addition of phosphate group

What is the RTK pathway?

Ligand→RTK→Ras→Raf→MEK→ERK→TFs

What is the JAK-STAT pathway?

JAKs & STATs, blood/limb/milk development

What is the Hedgehog pathway important for?

Limb, neural, craniofacial development

What is the Wnt family involved in?

Muscle, limb, stem cell, organ development

What is the canonical Wnt pathway?

Wnt/β-catenin pathway

What is induction in development?

One tissue signals another

What is an inducer?

Tissue producing signal

What is a responder?

Tissue being induced

What is competence?

Ability to respond to inducer

What is an instructive interaction?

Inducer required for response

What is a permissive interaction?

Environment allows response

What is epithelia?

Sheets/tubes of connected cells

What is mesenchyme?

Loosely packed, unconnected cells

What is regional specificity of induction?

Mesenchyme source determines epithelial structure

What are paracrine factors?

Local signaling proteins (GDFs)

What are the four major paracrine factor families?

FGF, Hedgehog, Wnt, TGF-β

What is juxtacrine signaling?

Direct contact, no diffusion

What is the Notch pathway?

Juxtacrine, Notch receptor, cell fate

What is the role of ECM in development?

Promotes differentiation, needed for tissue development

What is reciprocal induction?

Mutual signaling between tissues

What is the role of sequential and additive inducers?

Multiple signals, stepwise development

What is genetic specificity of induction?

Genome of responder determines response