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AP Biology > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is cell to cell contact

A

Cells touch
Information is given directly to the cell and that specific cell uses the information
GAP junctions

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2
Q

What is cell to cell like

A

Post it

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3
Q

What are local regulators

A

Information travels to the target cell and that specific cell uses the information
Small distance from target cell
Target cell responds and uses info
Neurons

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4
Q

What are local regulators like

A

Email

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5
Q

What is long distance signaling

A

Message goes to many cells but only some respond

Hormones

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6
Q

What is long distance like

A

Facebook

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7
Q

Example of cell to cell in animals

A

Gap junctions

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8
Q

Example of cell to cell in plants

A

Plasmodesmata

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9
Q

What are two forms of cell to cell

A

Cell junctions and cell cell recognition

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10
Q

What is the growth hormone that has lots of targets

A

Paracrine

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11
Q

What happens in Paracrine signaling

A

A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extra cellular fluid

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12
Q

What molecules are discharged from a local regulator

A

Growth factors

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13
Q

What is synaptic signaling

A

Nerve cell releases neurotransmitter into a synapse, stimulating the target cell

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14
Q

Why must nerve cells communicate

A

Pain signals to muscle cells for muscles to initiate response

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15
Q

What is hormonal signaling

A

Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood.
May not reach all body cells

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16
Q

What is long distance signaling

A

Cells of something multicellular communicate via chemical messengers

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17
Q

Types of local regulators

A

Paracrine and synaptic

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18
Q

What is hormonal signaling

A

Long distance

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19
Q

What is a hormone

A

A chemical released by a cell in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism

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20
Q

What kinds of organisms produce hormones

A

Multi cellular

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21
Q

What are plant hormones called

A

Phytohormones

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22
Q

How are hormones in animals often transported

A

In the blood

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23
Q

What does the signal transduction pathway do

A

Converts signals on a cell’s surface into cellular responses

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24
Q

How are signals and responses in microbes and mammals related

A

Similar

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25
Who came up with STP
Earl w. Sutherland
26
Three stages of cell signaling
Reception Transduction Response
27
What is the reception phase
Detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell
28
What is the transduction phase
Convert signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response
29
Detail reception
Signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape On cell surface
30
What is bonded in protein
Ligand
31
2 types of receptors
Plasma membrane | Intracellular
32
What is a plasma membrane acceptor
``` Water soluble ligand Non steroid hormones Epinephrine Growth factors Neurotransmitters ```
33
What are Intracellular receptors
``` Cytoplasm Nucleus Hydrophobic or small Luganda Control gene expression Thyroid hormone Steroid hormones Testosterone ```
34
Shape of G-protein coupled receptor
7 alpha helix es
35
What is G proteins like
small ATP
36
What is in transduction
Cascades
37
What are cascades
Molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules
38
What is protein kinase
Enzyme that phosphorylates and activates proteins at the next level
39
What is phosphorylation cascade
Enhance and amplify signal
40
What are second messengers
Small no protein molecules or joins that can relay signal inside cell
41
Examples of second messengers
Cyclic AMP Calcium ions Inositol triphosphate
42
What is cAMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
43
What is the response
Regulate protein synthesis by turning genes on and off in the nucleus Regulate activity of proteins in cytoplasm
44
What is gene expression
Genes on and off in nucleus
45
Defective STP
``` Diabetes Cholera Auto immune disease Cancer Neurotoxins Poison Pesticide Drugs Anesthetics Antihistamines Blood pressure mess ```
46
What is cholera
Disease acquired by drinking water contaminated by human feces where bacteria colonized lining of small intestine and produces toxin
47
What is vibrio
Comma or s shaped
48
What does the cholera toxin do
Modifies G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion G protein stuck in active form Intestines secrete water and salts Person has diarrhea and dies from loss of water and salts
49
What is apoptosis
Cell suicide | Cell dismantled and digested
50
What is apoptosis triggered by
Signals that activate cascade of suicide proteins
51
What is the cascade of suicide proteins
Cascade
52
What can apoptosis be triggered by
Extracellular death signaling ligand DNA damage in nucleus Protein mis folding in ER
53
Why apoptosis
Protect neighboring cells from damage | Animal development and maintenance
54
What is apoptosis possibly involved in
Parkinson's | Alzheimer's
55
What is a bleb
The lobe formed by the white blood cell undergoing apoptosis
56
Another example of cell to cell
Antigens | Immune response
57
What is an antigen and what does it do
Invader - bacteria or virus
58
Why can't neurotransmitters flow out
They would break down
59
What does the gap do
Gives control of signal
60
What are beta endorphins
Opiates Block pain Secretes neurotransmitters Heroin, morphine
61
Long distance messaging in puberty
Pituitary
62
What does long distance do
Reduces liver uptake of glucose Organs grow, not brain Immune response
63
Who was Robert wadlow
Pituitary giant | Tumors pushed on pituitary gland, increased growth to 8 ft
64
What is symbiosis
Living together
65
What is vibrio fisheri
Bacteria that bioluminesces on the Hawaiian bobtail squid
66
What does the squid do
Adjusts to light to blend in and feeds bacteria polysaccharides, giving it a place to live
67
What is epinephrine linked to
Glycogen breakdown
68
Where do vibrio fisheri live
Eye pouch
69
Two types of bacteria
Planktonic and colonial
70
Planktonic
Alone, don't glow
71
Colonial
Together they glow
72
What is quorum sensing
One bacteria gives off auto inducers (proteins) which diffuse More bacteria come and auto inducers are picked up
73
What is STP
Series of reactions that cause an action | Make protein, transcribe gene,
74
What is luciferase
Enzyme that breaks down luciferase to glow - firefly, | diffuses, cascade, feedback
75
Endochrine system
Adrenal gland on kidneys Center. Adrenal medulla Gets message from brain, flight or fight Releases epinephrine
76
Where is STP found
All cells
77
Dangerous neurotoxin
Tetrodotoxin
78
What does tetrodotoxin do
Affects sodium channels in nerves, shuts down
79
What does anthrax do
``` Travels in spores Feeds on lungs Produces toxin Targets adenylyl Cyclades Changes shape of protein, can't make cAMP ```
80
What is the glucose transporter
GLUT
81
What does GLUT do
Takes in glucose, stores as glycogen or uses
82
Type 1 diabetes
No insulin
83
Type 2
Insulin receptor not docking
84
Three types of cell signaling
Cell to cell contact Local regulators Long distance signaling
85
Types of STP
Protein modification | Phosphorylation cascade
86
Basic path of messenger
Docks in Receptor Transduction Secondary messengers Cell targets
87
Example of receptor
G protein
88
What is transduction
Signal outside the cell changed to signal inside the cell
89
Example of secondary messenger
CAMP
90
Example of cell targets
Liver cells making glucose from glycogen
91
Process of epinephrine in liver cell
Epinephrine docks with G protein receptor Causes conformational change, changing shape Alpha subunit released to adenylyl Cyclase protein, activating it Protein converts ATP to cAMP Camp attaches to protein kinase, regulatory separates off and activates catalytic Catalytic gains energy from ATP Activate phosphorylase Release glucose from glycogen
92
What does epinephrine do
Comes from adrenal glands Messenger Spreads throughout body, mostly used in liver Ligand
93
What is a ligand
Chemical that can't pass through membrane
94
What is G protein
Snaky, embedded in membrane, some on top some on bottom, bottom has units
95
Structure of protein kinase
2 catalytic subunits, 2 regulatory subunits
96
When ligand detaches
Process shuts down
97
What happens in the immune response
Macrophage envelopes antigen Puts it in phagosome bubble with lysosomes attached Lysosomes pours in digestive fluids to break antigen into pieces Mch2 brings shape to surface Links with cd4 on surface of helper T cell Activates helper T cell with shape Activates B cell to make antibodies and memory cells Activates killer T cell to kill cells with that shape
98
What happens with G protein coupled receptor
7 transmembrane alpha helix segments in membrane G protein and GTP activates enzyme to produce cell response GDP switched out for GTP
99
What happens with tyrosine kinase
Attaches phosphate to tyrosine Activates multiple responses Needs 2 signal molecules Six times the reaction
100
What is the ligand gated ion channels
``` Signal on receptor changes shape Regulate flow of specific ions Calcium and sodium Happens in muscle cells Sodium potassium pump ```
101
What happens with testosterone and steroid hormones
Steroid passes through membrane Binds to receptor in cytoplasm Hormone receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to specific genes Bound protein stimulates transcription of the gene into mRNA MRNA translated into specific protein
102
Phosphorylation cascade
Protein kinases pass phosphate along

AP Biology (4 decks)

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