Cell Composition And Division - Week 2

Question 1

1/2 of chromosome

Answer 1

Chromatid

Question 2

Center where chromatid connect to eachother to form chromosomes

Answer 2

Centromere

Question 3

The chemical building material for all icing things; cells are made of

Answer 3

Protoplasm

Question 4

-complex process of metabolism
-reception and processing of food and oxygen
-elimination of waste products
Consists of:
Organic compounds and inorganic materials

Answer 4

Protoplasm

Question 5

What are the 4 major classes of organic compounds?

Answer 5

-proteins
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-nucleic acid

Question 6

What is the basis of all organic matter?

Answer 6

Carbon

Question 7

Essential for growth, creating new tissue, repairing injured/damaged tissue
Very large molecules made up of amino acids (determines precise function)

Answer 7

Proteins

Question 8

Make up 15% of cell content

Answer 8

Proteins

Question 9

Also called saccharides

Answer 9

Carbohydrates

Question 10

Include starch and sugar, range from simple to complex

Answer 10

Carbohydrates

Question 11

Make up 1% of cell content

Answer 11

Carbohydrates

Question 12

What is the primary energy source of the cell?

Answer 12

Glucose

Question 13

Structural part of cell membrane; make up 2% of cell content

Answer 13

Lipids

Question 14

Substances such as fats, fatty acids, oil, wax (dissolve in alcohol but not water)
Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Answer 14

Lipids

Question 15

What are some examples of functions lipids perform for the body?

Answer 15

-reservoirs for long term storage of energy
-insulate and guard body against environment
-support and protect organs such as eyes and kidneys
-provide essential substances necessary for growth and development
-lubricate joints
-assist in digestive processes

Question 16

Comprise 1% of cell content
Contain hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

Answer 16

Nucleic acid

Question 17

What two types of nucleic acid do cells contain?

Answer 17

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 18

Double stranded

Answer 18

DNA

Question 19

Single strand

Answer 19

RNA

Question 20

Contains instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce

Answer 20

DNA

Question 21

What is each DNA sequence that contains instructions to make a protein known as?

Answer 21

Gene

Question 22

T/F
Protein characteristics determine cell characteristics which determine an individuals traits

Answer 22

True

Question 23

A macromolecule composed of two long SUGAR-PHOSPHATE CHAINS, twisted around eachother in double helix configuration
Chains are linked by pairs of NITROGENOUS ORGANIC BASES army the sugar molecules of the chain. Forms tightly coiled structure (spiral staircase)

Answer 23

DNA

Question 24

Adenine, Guanine

Answer 24

Purines

Question 25

Cytosine, Thymine

Answer 25

Pyrimidines

Question 26

What does Adenine always bond with?

Answer 26

Thymine A & T

Question 27

What does Guanine always bond with?

Answer 27

Cytosine G & C

Question 28

P In DNA

Answer 28

Phosphate

Question 29

S In DNA

Answer 29

Sugar (deoxyribose)

Question 30

H In DNA

Answer 30

Hydrogen bond

Question 31

-begins when enzymes pull apart the double helix -base pairs detach and are exposed on opposing phosphate strands -exposed nitrogenous bases attract complementary bases -deoxyribose molecules and phosphate groups are brought into the molecule

Answer 31

DNA synthesis

Question 32

What nitrogenous base is in RNA but not in DNA?

Answer 32

Uracil

Question 33

What nitrogenous base is in DNA but not RNA?

Answer 33

Thymine

Question 34

What sugar is in DNA but not RNA?

Answer 34

Deoxyribose

Question 35

What sugar is in RNA but not DNA?

Answer 35

Ribose

Question 36

Single stranded nucleotide that has uracil instead of thymine

Answer 36

RNA

Question 37

Produced from DNA in the cells nucleus but functions in the cells cytoplasm

Answer 37

RNA

Question 38

What are the 3 types of RNA?

Answer 38

Messenger Transfer Ribosomal

Question 39

Directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids

Answer 39

Messenger RNA mRNA

Question 40

Combined with individual amino acids and attaches them to ribosomes where the amino acid in specific order make up a protein

Answer 40

Transfer RNA tRNA

Question 41

Assists in liking mRNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis

Answer 41

Ribosomal RNA rRNA

Question 42

Cell division that results in 2 daughter cells, identical to the parent cell Undergo the process of mitosis

Answer 42

Somatic cells

Question 43

Cell division that results in 4 daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes than the parent cell Undergo the process of meiosis

Answer 43

Genetic (germ) cells

Question 44

What are the two major periods of cell division

Answer 44

Interphase Mitosis

Question 45

What is the actual division of the cell called?

Answer 45

Cytokinesis

Question 46

What are the 4 distinct phases of cellular life cycle?

Answer 46

G1 - pre DNA synthesis phase S - synthesis phase G2 - post DNA synthesis phase M - mitosis phase (4 parts) (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

Question 47

Cells are not yet undergoing division Period of growth that occurs before actual mitosis and consists of the other 3 phases of cellular life cycle (G1, S, G2)

Answer 47

Interphase

Question 48

The earliest phase of cellular division “Pre-synthesis phase” A form of RNA is synthesized in the cell and needed before DNA synthesis can begin

Answer 48

G1 phase *forms RNA

Question 49

Actual DNA synthesis period DNA molecule replicates itself then divides into two sister components (chromatids) then joint to form a chromosome by end of this phase

Answer 49

S phase *DNA synthesis phase

Question 50

Post DNA synthesis phase Cells manufacture proteins and RNA needed to enter and complete next phase (mitosis)

Answer 50

G2 phase *preparing for mitosis

Question 51

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Answer 51

Mitosis *PMAT

Question 52

First phase of cell division DNA begins to take structural form Centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell and begin to regulate the mitotic spindle

Answer 52

Prophase

Question 53

Mitotic spindle forms between the centrioles Chromosomes line up in the center (equator) and are attached to the mitotic spindle by the centromere

Answer 53

Metaphase *chromosomes line up in middle M=middle

Question 54

What stage of mitosis can chromosome damage caused by radiation be evaluated?

Answer 54

Metaphase

Question 55

Duplicated centromeres migrate in opposite directions along mitotic spindle, carrying the chromatids to opposite sides of the cell Causes cell to elongate into an oval shape

Answer 55

Anaphase

Question 56

Chromatids uncoil and become loosely spiraled threads Nucleus membrane reforms and two nuclei appear ( one for each daughter cell) Cytoplasm also divides

Answer 56

Telophase *after cell division is complete, each daughter cell has a complete cell membrane and contains the same amount of genetic material as the parent cell (46 chromosomes)

Question 57

A process of reduction division Cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half that of the parent cell (Male and female germ cells so when 2 units the result is an organism with only 46 chromosomes)

Answer 57

Meiosis

Question 58

Begins with a doubling of the amount of genetic material (replication, occurs during interphase)

Answer 58

Meiosis

Question 59

T/F The various phases of meiosis are like those of mitosis (PMAT)

Answer 59

True

Question 60

What is the biggest difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 60

Occurs at the end of telophase *after the parent cell has formed 2 daughter cells, the daughter cells divide without DNA replication *these 2 successive division result in 4 granddaughter cells (each containing 23 chromosomes)

Question 61

During meiosis, sister chromatids exchange some chromosomal material ( genes)

Answer 61

Process called crossover *results in changes in genetic composition and traits can be passed onto future generations

Question 62

How many functional sperm does meiosis produce?

Answer 62

4

Question 63

How many functional ovaries does meiosis produce?

Answer 63

1

Question 64

Monozygotic twins Occurs when a fertilized egg splits thus resulting in development of two offspring

Answer 64

Identical twins *both zygotes contain exact replicas of the genetic material

Question 65

Dizygotic twins or polyzygotic twins Occurs when multiple eggs are fertilized by separate sperms

Answer 65

Fraternal twins *genetic material is divided before fertilization therefore genetically different offspring results