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Biology 11 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

A cell’s DNA, packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule

A

Genome

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2
Q

Number of chromosomes in the somatic cells of the human body

A

46

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3
Q

Number of chromosomes that human gametes have

A

23

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4
Q

A configuration of two matched or homologous sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid

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5
Q

Human cells that contain one set of chromosomes

A

Gametes or sex cells (eggs and sperm)

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6
Q

Gametes are designated as _____.

A

1n or haploid

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7
Q

A diploid cell containing matched pairs of chromosomes created upon fertilization; carry the same genes; one set from each parent

A

Homologous chromosomes

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8
Q

Homologous chromosomes are the same length and have specific nucleotides segments or _____ exactly the same location or _____.

A

genes; locus

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9
Q

Breadlike, histone DNA complex

A

Nucleosome

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10
Q

Compose the chromosomes

A

Two linked sister chromatids

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11
Q

An ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

A

Cell cycle

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12
Q

Period of growth; where 90% of the time is spent; the cell undergoes normal growth process while also preparing for cell division; metabolic phase of the cell; the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them

A

Interphase

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13
Q

The first stage of interphase; little change is visible; the cell is quite active at the biochemical level; the cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA

A

G1 phase (first gap)

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14
Q

DNA replication can proceed through the mechanisms that result in the formation of identical pairs of DNA molecules ; sister chromatids are firmly attached to the centromeric region.

A

S phase (synthesis of DNA)

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15
Q

The apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

A

Mitotic spindle

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16
Q

Rod-like objects where the centrosomes are associated with; positioned at right angles to each otherl help organize cell division

A

Centrioles

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17
Q

In this phase, the cell replenishes its energy, stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation and movement

A

G2 phase (second gap)

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18
Q

The first portion of the mitotic phase; nuclear division

A

Karyokinesis

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19
Q

Eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two, followed by division of the present cell into two daughter cells.

A

Mitosis

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20
Q

The first phase of mitosis; the nuclear envelope starts to dissociate into small vesicles, and the membranous organelles fragment and disperse toward the periphery of the cell; chromosomes condense and become visible; spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes; nuclear envelope breaks down; nucleolus disappears

A

Prophase

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21
Q

The first change phase; chromosomes continue to condense; kinetochores appear at the centromeres; mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores; centrosomes move toward opposte poles

A

Prometaphase

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22
Q

A protein structure developed by each sister chromatid in its centromeric region

A

Kinetochore

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23
Q

Spindle fibers that do not engage the chromosomes

A

Polar microtubules

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24
Q

The change phase; mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell; chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate; each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

A

Metaphase

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25
The equatorial plane, roughly midway between the two poles of the cell
Metaphase plate
26
Upward phase; cohesin proteins binding the sister chromatids break down; sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles; non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell
Anaphase
27
The distance phase; chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense; nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes; the mitotic spindle breaks down
Telophase
28
Sometimes viewed as the second main stage of the mitotic phase, during which cell division is completed via the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells; aka "cell motion"; splits the parent cell into daughter cells
Cytokinesis
29
A fissure formed when actin filaments pull the equator of the cell inward (in animal cells)
Cleavage furrow
30
A vesical structure formed when Golgi vesicles are transported on microtubules during telophase
Phragmoplast
31
Structure where the vesicle fuse and coalesce from the center toward the cell walls (in plant cells)
Cell plate
32
The cells in this phase are not actively preparing to divide; the cell is in a ____ stage that occurs when cells exit the cycle.
G0 phase; quiescent (inactive)
33
Type of cell division in prokaryotes
Binary (prokaryotic) fission
34
Two specialized cells needed to union in sexual reproduction
Gametes
35
A fertilized egg that contains two sets of chromosomes
Zygote
36
The nuclear division that forms haploid cells from diploid cells, and employs many of the same cellular mechanisms as mitosis; production of gametes; segregates one copy of each homologous chromosomes into each new "gametes"; reducing sex cells by half
Meiosis
37
A process that produces daughter cells whose nuclei are genetically identical to the original parent nucleus; maintains ploidy level
Mitosis
38
The first round of meiotic division and consists of prophase I, prometaphase I, and so on; reduction takes place (2n to n)
Meiosis I
39
The second round of meiotic division and inclues prophase II, prometaphase II, and so on; division takes place
Meiosis II
40
Refers to the number of sets of chromosomes
Ploidy (level)
41
More than two sets of chromosomes
Polyploid
42
Precedes the process of meiosis
Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases)
43
Proteins that hold sister chromatids together at the centromere until anaphase II
Cohesin proteins
44
The homologous chromosomes are attached at their tips to the nuclear envelope by proteins; nuclear envelope begins to breakdown; chromosomes coil together; homologues become closely associated in synapsis; crossing pver occurs between nonsister chromatids
Prophase I
45
A lattice of proteins between the homologous chromosomes, first forms at specific locations and then spreads outward to cover the entire lngth of the chromosomes
Synaptonemal compex
46
The tight pairing of the homologous chromosomes where the genes on the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are aligned precisely with each other
Synapsis
47
The exchange of chromosomal segments between homologous nonsister chromatids
Crossing over
48
Crossing over can be observed visually after the exchange at _____; site where crossing over occurs
chiasmata
49
Large protein assemblies located at intervals along the synaptonemal complex
Recombination nodules
50
A term that also refers to the process of crossover
Genetic recombination
51
Pairs that are held together only at the chiasmata; the four sister chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes are now visible
Tetrads
52
The key event in this phase is the atachment of the spindle fiber microtubules to the kinetochore proteins at the centromeres.
Prometaphase I
53
The homologous chromosomes are arranged at the metaphase plate with the kinetochores facing opposite sides; terminal chiasmata hold homologues together following crossing over; microtubules from opposite poles attach to each homologue; homologues pair (not in mitosis)
Metaphase I
54
The microtubules pull the inked chromosomes apart; the sister chromatids remain tightly bound together at the centromere.
Anaphase I
55
The separated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles; microtubules of the spindle shorten; homologues are separated from each other; sister chromatids remain attached to each other at their centromeres; reduction in the ploidy level; centromeres remain intact
Telophase I
56
Nuclear envelopes form; each nucleus is now a haploid; only one set of replicated chromosomes in each 'cell"; sister chromatids are no longer identical homologue
Cytokinesis (Meiosis I)
57
A brief interphase before entering meiosis II; lacks an S phase, so the chromosomes are not duplicated
Interkinesis
58
A process where the separation of sister chromatids occur; essentially the same as mitosis; results in four haploid daughter cells
Meiosis II
59
M2 phase where nuclear envelopes dissolve (fragment into vesicles) and spindle fibers reform
Prophase II
60
M2 process where the nuclear envelopes are completely broken down; spindle is fully formed
Prometaphase II
61
M2 phase were sister chromatids are maximally condensed and aligned at the equator of the cell; spindles mov; spindles moving chromosomes into equatorial area
Metaphase II
62
M2 phase where ths sister chromatids are pulled apart by the kinetochore microtubules and move toward opposite poles; nonkinetochore micrtotubules elongate the cell; centromeres split and the former chromatids (chromosomes) are separated
Anaphase II
63
M2 phase where the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense; nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosomes
Telophase II and cytokinesis
64
Process in M2 that separates the two cels into four haploid cells
Cytokinesis
65
Because the ploidy level has been reduced, meiosis I is referred to as a ________.
Reductional division
66
The production of sperms and eggs that takes place through the process of meiosis
Gametogenesis
67
The production of sperm
Spermatogenesis
68
The production of eggs
Oogenesis
69
The stem cells that go through mitosis during spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia
70
The cell produced at the end of meiosis during spermatogenesis
Spermatid
71
A haploid cell produced at the end of the first meiotic division in spermatogenesis
Secondary spermatocyte
72
A germ ell that undergoes mitosis in which oogenesis starts with
Oognium
73
The cell starting meiosis in oogenesis
Primary oocyte
74
A cell where the most of the cellular materials and organelles go to in oogenesis
Secondary oocyte
75
The second cell where only one set of chromosomes and a small amount of cytoplasm go to; usually dies
Polar body

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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