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Scientific Method to Cell Basics Flashcards

1
Q

A logical problem-solving approach; supported by evidence

A

Scientific Method

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2
Q

Steps in the scientific method:

A
  1. Make an observation;
  2. ask a question;
  3. form a hypothesis or testable explanation;
  4. make a prediction based on the hypothesis;
  5. test the hypothesis (experimentation);
  6. make a new hypothesis
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3
Q

A kind of hypothesis that starts with an “educated guess”; proposed explanation or phenomenon

A

Working hypothesis

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4
Q

A type of hypothesis that can be tested

A

Scientific hypothesis

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5
Q

An explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can be repeatedly tested

A

Theory

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6
Q

Importance of the scientific protocol to achieve:

A
  1. A representative description,
  2. a repeatable measure,
  3. an unbiased comparison between populations
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7
Q

Study of life

A

Biology

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8
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cells

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9
Q

Basic unit of heredity

A

Genes

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10
Q

Manifestations of life:

A
  1. Order
  2. Stensitivity/response to stimuli: react to their environment and heal themselves;
  3. Growth and development: grow by taking nourishments (process into energy);
  4. Reproduction: reproduce;
  5. Adaptation: have the capacity for genetic change (evolve)
  6. Regulation/homeostasis
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11
Q

Characteristics of life:

A

MGIRFC: metabolism, growth, irritability, reproduction, forms and sizes, chemical composition

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12
Q

Sum of all chemical and energy transformations; digestion, respiration, excretion

A

Metabolism

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13
Q

Addition from within

A

Growth

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14
Q

Growth in non-living things; gradual external addition

A

Accretion

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15
Q

Organization of life

A

Atom-molecules-cell- tissue-organ-organ system-organism-population-community-ecosystem-ecosphere

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16
Q

Made of two or more atoms; one or more types of atoms

A

Molecule

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17
Q

Made of two or more elements

A

Compound

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18
Q

Most basic form of matter; one type of atom; ionic or covalent bond; chemical structure; fixed ratio of atoms

A

Element

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19
Q

Four organic compounds (containing carbon):

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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20
Q

An important component of the cell; approx. 70% of the weight of the cell

A

Water; H2O

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21
Q

Most abundant organic compound; used as energy sources, storage, structural components of the cell

A

Carbohydrates

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22
Q

Four classifications of carbs:

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

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23
Q

Thousands of monomers of glucose

A

Polysaccharides

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24
Q

Examples of polysaccharides:

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

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25
Fatty acids, insoluble in water; in forms of fats, oils, waxes, sterols and phospholipids; component of membrane; insulation barriers
Lipids
26
Examples are glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate; and are found in cell membranes
Phospholipids
27
Type of lipids that repel water
Waxes
28
Type of lipids that is one molecule of glycerol to three fatty acids
Fats
29
Type of fat that is solid at room temperature
Saturated fats
30
Type of fat that is liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats
31
A cardiovascular disease resulting from an over consumption of saturated fats
Atherosclerosis
32
A type of lipid that is composed of complex molecules; found in cellular structure; examples are cholesterol, androgen, and estrogen; aids in membrane fluidity
Sterols
33
An organic molecule that is most abundant in animal protoplasm
Protein
34
How many percent of protein are there in the human body?
30%
35
A protein-deficiency syndrome
Kwashiorkor
36
Atoms of the hydroxyl groups
Hydrocarbons
37
Known as simple sugars; C6H12O6
Monosaccharides
38
Two groups of amino acids:
Amino group (-NH2), Carboxyl group (-COOH)
39
How many amino acids are in the body?
20
40
Long chain of polypeptides
Protein molecules
41
Types of proteins:
* Structural (support; collagen, silk, fibers, keratin), * Storage (ovalbumin, casein), * Transport (hemoglobin), * Hormonal (coordination; insulin), * Receptor (stimulus-response), * Contractile (movement; actin, myosin), * Defensive (protection; antibodies), * Enzymatic (hydrolyzation)
42
Primary structure/building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
43
Organic molecules involved with genes
Nucleic acids
44
Double helix for genetic info
DNA
45
Single helix for genetic info
RNA
46
Made up of nucleotides; building blocks; functions as coenzymes (combine with enzymes for metabolic reactions)
Polynucleotides
47
Polymers of monomers
Nucleotides
48
Functions as messenger in redox reactions
NAD (Nicotine adenine dinucleotide)
49
Functions in the biosynthesis of glycogen and sucrose
UTP (Uridine triphosphate)
50
Plays a central role in energy cycle
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
51
T or F: Nucleotides contain phosphate.
True
52
T or F: Nucleosides contain phosphate.
False
53
Two Purines:
Adenine, guanine
54
Three pyrimidines:
Uracil, cytosine, thymine
55
Purines and pyrimidines pairings in DNA
A=T, G=C
56
Purines and pyrimidines pairings in RNA
A=U, G=C
57
Purines and pyrimidines in DNA
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine (no Uracil)
58
Purines and pyrimidines in RNA
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine (no Thymine)
59
An instrument that magnifies an object
Microscope
60
Images that are photographed by the microscope
Micrographs
61
A microscope where visible light passes and bends through the lens system
Light microscope
62
The process of enlarging an object in appearance
Magnification
63
The microscope's ability to distinguish two adjacent structures as separate
Resolving power
64
Lens used to stud smally objects
Oil immersion lenses
65
A type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light
Electron microscope
66
A type of electron microscope where a beam of electrons moves back and forth across a cell's surface, creating details of cell surface characteristics
Scanning electron microscope
67
A type of electron microscope where the electron beam penetrates the cell and provides details of a cell's internal structures
Transmission electron microscope
68
He observed the movements of single-celled organisms.
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
69
The single-celled organisms referred to by Leeuwenhoek
animalcules
70
He published "Micrographia" in 1665
Robert Hooke
71
The term Hooke coined for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissues through a lens
cell
72
When was bacteria, protozoa, and the simple microscope discovered by van Leeuwenhoek
1670s (1674)
73
Proposed the unified cell theory in 1830s (1839)
Matthias Jacob Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist)
74
States that one or more cell comprise all living things, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing cells
Unified cell theory
75
Made important contributions to the unified cell theory; cells arise from pre-existing cells (biogenesis); introduced cell division
Rudolf Virchow
76
Four components in all cells:
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes
77
A simple, mostly single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle
Prokaryote
78
The cell's central part where prokaryotic DNA is found
Nucleoid
79
T or F: Prokaryotes are significantly smaller than eukaryotes.
True
80
Year when the electron microscope discovered
1950s
81
Stains were discovered.
End of the 19th century
82
Length of cells under a light microscope
1 to 100 micrometer
83
Length of cells under an electron microscope
0.1 to 1.00 micrometer
84
Showed proof of Virchow's concept in 1859-1861
Louis Pasteur

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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