Cell Cycle Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
A rare genetic syndrome in which some signs of aging are greatly accelerated.
A
PROGERIA
2
Q
It has 23 chromosomes haploid cells.
A
GAMETES
3
Q
It has 46 chromosomes Diploid cells.
A
SOMATIC CELLS
4
Q
One copy of each chromosome.
A
HAPLOID (n)
5
Q
Two copies of each chromosome.
A
Diploid (2n)
6
Q
A series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides.
A
CELL CYCLE
7
Q
Divided into 2 gap phases and 1
synthesis phase.
A
INTERPHASE
8
Q
Is divided into four stages plus
A
MITOSIS
9
Q
When the cells separate.
A
CYTOKENESIS
10
Q
Is a “time-out” when a cell “decides” which
course of action to follow
A
G0
11
Q
- follows mitosis, when the cell resumes synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates essential for early growth
- varies in different cell types
A
G1 Phase
12
Q
- the cell replicates its entire genome
- takes 8 to 10 hours
- proteins involved in formation of mitotic spindle are synthesized
- microtubules form centrioles
A
S Phase
13
Q
- occurs after DNA replication and before mitosis
- more proteins are synthesized
- prepares for cell division by assembling necessary structures
A
G2 Phase
14
Q
- produces two daughter cells of the same quality and quantity of chromosomes as the parent cell
- “duplication division”
- karyokinesis + cytokinesis
- has 4 distinct stages: prophase, methaphase, anaphase, and telophase
A
MITOSIS
15
Q
- DNA coils tightly, shortening and thickening the chromosomes.
- microtubules assemble from tubulin building blocks in the cytoplasm, forming the spindles.
- nuclear membrane breaks down.
- nucleolus is no longer visible.
A
Prophase
16
Q
- chromosomes attach to the spindle at their centromeres and align along the center of the cell.
A
Metaphase
17
Q
- chromatids have fully separated, becoming full fledged chromosomes that are pulled by the spindle fibers toward the opposite poles.
A
Anaphase
18
Q
- the cell looks ike a dumbbell with a set of chromosomes at each end.
- spindle falls apart, and nucleoli and the membranes around the nuclei re-form at each end of the elongated cell.
- karyokinesis is complete
A
Telophase
19
Q
- organelles and macromolecules are distributed between the two daughter cells.
- the microfilament band contracts like a drawstring, separating the newly formed cells.
A
Cytokinesis
20
Q
After mitosis how many daughter cells are formed, with each having genetically identical chromosomes
A
2 diploid daughter
cells
21
Q
They ensure that chromosomes are correctly replicated and apportioned into daughter cells.
A
Checkpoints
22
Q
What are the 3 checkpoints?
A
- DNA damage checkpoint
- Apoptosis checkpoint
- Spindle assembly checkpoint
23
Q
- a continuous process that begins when a “death receptor” on the cell’s plasma membrane receives a signal to die.
- enzymes called caspases are activated inside the doomed cell, stimulating each other and snipping apart various cell components.
A
APOPTOSIS
24
Q
- necessary for sexual reproduction and formation of the gametes
- reduces the number of chromosomes into half
- produces variation in daughter cells
- has 2 distinct divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II
A
MEIOSIS
25
- begins as the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible when stained.
- special proteins cause the homologous chromosomes to stick together in pairs.
- has 5 sub-stages
Prophase I
26
What are the stages of the prophase of meiosis 1
1. Leptotene
2. Zygotene
3. Pachytene
4. Diplotene
5. Diakinesis
27
Replicated chromosomes condensed
Leptotene
28
Synapsis begins
Zygotene
29
A bivalent has formed and crossing over has occurred
Pachytene
30
Synaptonemal complex dissociates.
Diplotene
31
End of prophase 1
Diakinesis
32
generates genetic diversity by recombining genes, mixing parental traits.
Crossing over
33
- homologs align down the center of the cell.
- each member of a homologous pair attaches to a spindle fiber at an opposite pole.
Metaphase I
34
- homologs separate and move to opposite poles
Anaphase I
35
- each pole has haploid set of chromosomes
- followed by cytokinesis, producing two haploid daughter cells.
Telophase I
36
After meiosis, how many daughter cells are formed, with each having genetically different chromosomes
4 haploid daughter cells
37
How many chromosomes does haploid does
23 chromosomes
38
How many chromosomes does diploid have
46 chromosomes
39
conditions arise from stem cells in the testis that divide every 16 days, offering many opportunities for DNA replication to make a mistake, generating a dominant mutation.
“Paternal age effect”
