Cell Cycle

Question 1

Cycle of Cell Division

Answer 1

Interphase - grows, checkpoint, replication, preparation, checkpoint.
Mitosis - prophase, metaphase and checkpoint, anaphase, telophase.
Cytokinesis

Question 2

Cell Theory

Answer 2

All living things are made from cells.
The cell is the smallest living thing that can perform all the functions of life.

All cells must come from pre-existing cells (cell division).

Question 3

Why do cells need to divide?

Answer 3

To make your body grow.
To maintain and repair damage
to reproduce
If a cell gets too big, it wont be able to get enough nutrients through our body.

Question 4

Centrioles

Answer 4

All animal cells have 2 small organelles known as centrioles. Centrioles help cells to divide and are typically located near the nucleus. Made of 9 bundles of microtubes, arranged in a ring. Centrioles separate and grip onto each side of a cell and pull the chromosomes apart using spindle fibres.

Question 5

Spindle Fibres

Answer 5

Spindle fibres form a protien structure that divides the genetic material in a cell. The spindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into 2 daughter cells during both types of nuclear division; mitosis and meiosis. During mitosis, the spindle fibres are known as mitotic sipindle.

Question 6

Sister Chromatids & Chromosomes

Answer 6

When a single chromosome has been replicated/copied, each copy is called a sister chromatid. When you see an “X” representing genetic material in an illistration, you are seeing 2 sister chromatids held together by a special part of the chromosome called the centromere. When cell division occurs, it separates at the middle and one part goes into each divided cell.

Question 7

Cleavage Furrow

Answer 7

The band of microfilaments during cytokinesis in cell division that splits the two daughter cell’s membranes in half.

Question 8

Cell division definition

Answer 8

The process by which one cell divides into two.

Question 9

What is a parent cell?

Answer 9

A parent cell is the original, undivided cell.

Question 10

What is a daughter cell?

Answer 10

Daughter cells refers to the two new cells after cell division occurs.

Question 11

Daughter cells are the exact same as parent cells because…

Answer 11

The parent cell duplicates the DNA before it begins mitosis so that when it divides, the two daughter cells each recieve the full set of DNA.

Question 12

How do unicellular organisms divide?

Answer 12

Through a process called asexual reproduction.

Question 13

What does chromatin do to create a more effective division?

Answer 13

It duplicates itself and coils up into a chromosome.

Question 14

Somatic definition

Answer 14

Body.

Question 15

Interphase

Answer 15

A period of cell growth.
The DNA duplicates itself.
Centriole pair replicates.
Cell grows, carries out its normal cell activities, and replicates all other organelles.
Spends most of its life cycle here.

Question 16

Mitosis

Answer 16

Occurs in all somatic cells.
Occurs so that each new daughter cell has a nucleus, complete with a set of chromosomes.
There are four stages of mitosis (PMAT)

Question 17

Prophase

Answer 17

Centriole pairs begin to migrate to opposite poles.
Chromosomes coil up.
Duplicated chromosomes thicken and condense.
Nuclear envelope starts to disappear.
Spindle fibres begin to form.
Nucleolus starts to disappear.

Question 18

Metaphase (middle)

Answer 18

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (equalortial plate).
Spindle fibres connect to each side of the chromosomes.
Centriole pairs fully migrated to the opposite poles.
Nuclear envelopes fully disappear.
Spindle fibres fully formed.

Question 19

Anaphase

Answer 19

Chromosome copies divide
Spindle fibres pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere and pull them to opposite poles.
Cell elongates.

Question 20

Telophase

Answer 20

Chromsomes uncoil and decondense.
Nuclear envelopes form.
2 new nuclei are formed.
Spindle fibres disappear.
Begins cytokinesis by forming a cleabage furrow.
Nucleoli begin to reform within nuclei.

Question 21

Cytokinesis

Answer 21

The division of the rest of the cell (cytoplasm & organelles) after the nucleus divides.
In animal cells, the cytoplasm pinches in to form circles.
In plant cells a cell plate forms (square cells).
The new cells then return to interphase and the cycle repeats.

Question 22

Meiosis

Answer 22

Meiosis has two of each stage because it divides into four cells, eahc with half of the information instead of two with all of it.
There’s interphase G1, interphase S, Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, and Telophase 2.
Each faze is exactly the same as mitosis except each one happens twice with very minor adjustments depending on previous stages.

Question 23

Diploid definition

Answer 23

A set of two.

Question 24

Haploid definition

Answer 24

single chromatid

Question 25

Haploid + Haploid =
(Male gamate) + (Female gamate) =

Answer 25

Diploid
(You)

Question 26

What is the goal of Meiosis?

Answer 26

Making non-identical haploid gamates.

Question 27

Crossing Over

Answer 27

Tetrads are pairs of chromosomes/sister chromatids that touch and share information. When they unlink, they are all different afterwards.

Question 28

Female Animals and Meiosis

Answer 28

In most female animals, only one egg results from this process. The other three, referred to as polar bodies, are usually not involved in reproduction.

Question 29

Polar Bodies

Answer 29

empty cells, just the shell, that can’t do anything.

Question 30

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Answer 30

Mitosis creates 2 daughter cells from one parent cell and Meiosis creates 4 daughter cells from one parent cell.

Mitosis has the same chromosome number in parent and daughter cells while Meisois has half of the chromosome in each of the daughter cells.

Genes in mitosis have identical daughter cells to parent cells while meiosis has a different nucleus.

Mitosis is asexual reproduction while meiosis is sexual reproduction.

Mitosis has no crossing over like meiosis has.

Mitosis results in body cells and meiosis results in sex cells

Question 31

Why do cancer cells just keep dividing?

Answer 31

Because they roll through interphase very quickly. Interphase is supposed to be the longest portion of their lives but they almost skip through it, constantly dividing.

Question 32

What kinds of irregular things do cancer cells do?

Answer 32

They may not communicate properly with other cells.
They may not fill out their proper functions regularly.
They may even leave the area and find blood vessels to wrap around themselves, collecting nutrients from the blood cells and making themselves harder to remove.
You do not want these cells to divide because it will create more and more cells with these problems.

Question 33

What is cancer?

Answer 33

Cancer is the unregulated division of cells, causing the overgrowth of them and creating tumors.

Question 34

What are tumors?

Answer 34

Tumors are clusters of unregulated divided cells. Cancer is always caused by tumors but not all tumors are cancerous.

Question 35

Checkpoints in cell division

Answer 35

There are 3 checkpoints, two of which in interphase.

If there is something wrong found in one of the checkpoints during interphase, the cell may just live in interphase longer in order to fix the problem. The checkpoints in interphase check for enough resources and to see if the DNA has been replicated properly.

The checkpoint in Mitosis check to see if the chromosome has been duplicated properly.

If something goes wrong in the process that can not be fixed, the cell self destructs and dies, being absorbed and forgotten.

Question 36

Cancer treatment

Answer 36

Chemotherapy
Radiation
Stops overgrowth if cells

Question 37

How does chemotherapy work?

Answer 37

Tube goes into the area that the cancer is in and the medicine attracts to cells that have overgrowth, which is why chemo patients hair falls out because hair is already an overgrowth of cells.

Question 38

What types of cells do not undergo mitosis and rather meiosis?

Answer 38

Sperm and egg cells for reproduction.