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Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

meiosis

A

special 2-stage type of cell division in which 1 diploid (2n) parent cell produces haploid (n) cells (gamates)

  • result: halving chromosome #
  • sexually reproduction
  • leads to production of gamates (sperm & eggs)
  • daughter cells have half the amount of hereditary material as parent cell

Mei -> gamates

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2
Q

mitosis

A

process of nuclear division in which 2 daughter nuclei are genetically identical to the parent nucleus

  • cytokinesis leads to 2 identical daughter cells
  • lead to production of all other types of cells (somatic cells)
  • cellular replication

mit -> somatic/other cells

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3
Q

phases of cell cycle

A

(1) M phase

(2) Interphase

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4
Q

interphase

A

portion of cell cycle btwn one M phase and the next

  • DNA replication occurs here
  • uncondensed chromatin

(1) G1 phase
(2) S phase
(3) G2 phase

*most cells spend their time here (not dividing stage - G1 phase)

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5
Q

M phase

A

2nd step of cell cycle

  • cell division occurs here
  • replicated chromosome condense
  • sister chromatids separate
  • 2 daughter cells formed by cytokinesis

division of nucleus & cytoplasm

M phase = PPMAT

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6
Q

G1 phase

A

1st step of interphase in cell cycle

  • 4 unreplicated chromosomes
  • non-dividing cells stuck here
  • allow parent cell to grow large enough to divide into 2 cells that will fcn normally

growth phase

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7
Q

S phase

A

2nd step of interphase in cell cycle

  • DNA synthesis (break down)
  • chromosome replicated

“synthetic phase”

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8
Q

G2 phase

A

3rd step of interphase in cell cycle

  • 4 unreplicated chromosomes
  • sister chromatids

growth phase

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9
Q

gamate

A

haploid (n) reproductive cell
- can fuse w/ another haploid cell to form a zygote

(ie) eggs & sperm & precursor cells

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10
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA (RNA for some viruses)
- encodes info for building related polypeptides or fcnal RNA molecules along w/ regulatory sequences required for its transcription

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11
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

nucleic acid composed of deoxyribonucleotides

  • double helix structure
  • encodes cells’ hereditary info or genetic material
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12
Q

chromatid

A

1 of 2 identical double-stranded DNA composing a replicated chromosome
- sister chromatids connected @ centromere

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13
Q

number of chromosomes in human somatic cell

A

46 chromosomes
(23 chromosome pairs)

2n

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14
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

critical point in cell cycle in which cell progression is regulated

  • G1 checkpoint
  • G2 checkpoint
  • M phase checkpoint

no pass checkpoint, cannot proceed onward

“is this ready?”

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15
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

(1) chromosomes must have replicated successfully
(2) no DNA damage
(3) MPF activated & present

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16
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

(1) adequate cell size
(2) sufficient supply of nutrients
(3) social signals present
(4) no DNA damage

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17
Q

M phase checkpoint

A

(1) chromosomes attached to spindles
(2) chromosomes properly segregated
(3) MPF absent

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18
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides to form 2 daughter cells
- occurs after M phase

cell divides
actin-myosin pinch plasma membrane

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19
Q

cytoskeleton roles during mitosis

A

(1) architectural framework cells can organize subcell organelles & metabolic machinery
(2) cell shape
(3) cell movement
(4) cell division

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20
Q

cyotoskeleton - cell shape

A

cytoskeleton determines cell shape (intermediate filaments)

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21
Q

cytoskelton - cell movement

A

microfilaments + microtubules assemble & dissemble to move cell

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22
Q

cytoskeleton - cell division

A

microtubules move chromosomes to daughter nucleus

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23
Q

kinase

A

enzyme that catalyzes transfer of phosphate group from ATP to a target protein

  • subunit of MPF
  • always present
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24
Q

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

A

protein related to kinase

  • fcnal when bound to cyclin
  • activated by other modifications
  • regulates other proteins & cell cycle
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25
benign tumor
mass of abnormal tissue due to unregulated growth - does not spread to other organs - not cancerous could be caused by social control does not work properly noninvasive
26
cancer
general term for any tumor whose cells grow in an uncontrolled fashion, invade nearby tissues, and spread to other sites in the body
27
malignant tumor
tumor that is actively growing & disrupting local tissues or spreading to other organs invasive
28
metastasis
spread of cancerous cells from original site to distant sites in body - may create additional tumors
29
social control over cell division
cells divide in response to signals from other cells | - social control of cell cycle based on growth factors
30
unreplicated chromosome
a single strand of double helix (DNA) wrapped around proteins
31
replicated chromosome
2 copies of double helices (DNA) | - same chromosomes
32
ploidy
number of copies of each chromosome
33
types of ploidy
(1) haploid | (2) diploid
34
haploid (n)
gamates | - one copy of DNA
35
diploid (2n)
somatic cells | - 2 copies of DNA
36
discovery of interphase
(1) subphases via autoradiography | (2) gap phases - pulse chase experiments
37
M phase components
(1) prophase (2) prometaphase (3) metaphse (4) telophase
38
prophase
(1st stage of M phase) chromosomes condense spindle apparatus form rearrange to reduce erros "before phase"
39
prometaphase
(2nd stage of M phase) nuclear envelope breaks down microtubules contact chromosome @ kinetochore rearrange to reduce errors
40
metapahse
(3rd stage of M phase) chromosomes line up in the middle rearrange to reduce errors
41
anaphase
(4th stage of M phase) chromatids separate & pulled to opposite poles accurately divide replicates
42
telopahse
(5th stage of M phase) nuclear envelope reforms chromosomes recondense rearrange for normal fcn
43
binary fission
process of cell division - similar to mitosis - proteins different - bacteria divide via fission - used for asexual reproduction of many prokaryotic cells creates 2 genetically identical cells
44
oncogenes
genes for proteins that causes cell to divide "Go!"
45
tumor suppressor genes
genes that causes cell to stop dividing "Stop!"
46
embryo
newly developing organism
47
histone
positively charged (basic) proteins associated w/ DNA in chromatin of eukaryotic cells
48
chromosome
single long DNA double helix wrapped around histones in a highly organized matter - colored body - threadlike structures - made up of: DNA & genes
49
gene
a length of DNA that codes for a particular protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA) found in cell
50
sister chromatid
chromatid copies that remain attached @ their centromere
51
cell cycle
orderly sequence of events that lead to a eukaryotic cell through duplication of its chromosome to the time it divides - made up of: M phase + interphase timing depends on cell type & growth conditions
52
spindle apparatus
structure that provides mechanical forces | - consists of microtubules
53
function of spindle apparatus
(1) move replicated chromosomes during early mitosis | (2) pull chromatids apart in late mitosis
54
microtubule properties
(1) composed of alpha & beta tubulin dimers (2) asymmetric structure - plus & minus ends
55
plus end of mictrotubules
where growth occurs
56
minus end of microtubules
where disassembly occurs
57
cell plaste
flattened sac-like structure formed in middle of dividing plant cell - originates from golgi-vesicles - divides cytoplasm into 2 separate cells
58
cleavage furrow
pinching in of plasma membrane that occurs as cytokinesis begins - deepens into cytoplasm until forms 2 daughter cells - animals & otro eukaryotes only
59
oocyte
egg phase stuck in phase similar to G2 phase | - about to enter M phase
60
M phase promoting factor (MPF)
cyclin & Cdk complex that phosphorylates specific proteins needed to initiate mitosis - found in eukaryotic cells - MPF induces M phase "start M phase please"
61
subunits of MPF
(1) kinase | (2) cyclin
62
cyclin
regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically throughout cell cycle - MPF subunit
63
how MPF is turned on?
(1) interphase - cyclin builds up | (2) Cdk regulated by two phosphorylation events
64
how MPF is turned off?
(1) anaphase - cyclin degradation [leads to destruction] (2) negative feedback (3) activated enzyme complex causes ubiquitin attaches to cyclin
65
types of tumors
(1) benign | (2) malignant
66
p53
tumor suppressor protein that responds to DNA damage - stops cell cycle - turns on DNA repair machinery - (perhaps) triggers apoptosis or self-destruction
67
apoptosis
self-destruction
68
growth factors
a large number of signaling molecules - secreted by certain cells - stimulate other cells to grow, divide or differentiate social control of cell cycle
69
serum
liquid portion of blood that remains after blood cells & cell fragments have been removed
70
components of serum
(1) water (2) dissolved gases (3) growth factors (4) nutrients (5) otro soluble substances
71
negative feedback
corrective response change triggers responses aimed to return variable back to normal - means of maintaining homeostais - occurs when process is slowed or shut down by one of its products
72
E2F
transcription factor - initiates transcription "Go!"

BIO125 (10 decks)

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