cell cycle and cell division

Question 1

how chromosome is formed?

Answer 1

in the nucleus of each cell the DNA molecule is packaged into thread like structure called chromosomes. each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many time around called histones that support its structure

Question 2

internal sructure of histone

Answer 2

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

Question 3

highly alkaline found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structrtural units called_________?

Answer 3

nucleosome

Question 4

parts of chromosome

Answer 4

telomere
shortarm
centromere
longer arm
sister chromatid

Question 5

protective caps at the end of DNA molecules that make up our chromosomes

Answer 5

telomere

Question 6

the region of a chromoses to whichh the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore during cell division

Answer 6

centromere

Question 7

different types of chromosome based on centromere position

Answer 7

metacentric- centromere in the middle of chromosome
submetacentric
acrocentric - chromomere near the end of the chromosomes
telocentric - chromomere at the end

Question 8

what are the chromosal abnormalities

Answer 8

cru-du-chat syndrome
down syndrome
47, XXY (klinefelter syndrome)
turner syndrome
williams syndrome

Question 9

is a group of symptoms that result from missing a piece of chromosome

Answer 9

cri-du-chat syndrome

Question 10

autosomal deletion syndrome caused by a partial deletion of chromose 5 and is characteized by a distinctive, high pitched, catlike cry infancy with growth failure

Answer 10

cri-du-chat syndrome

Question 11

chromosal condition that is asscociated with intellectual disability, facial appearance and weak muscle tone in infancy

Answer 11

down syndrome

Question 12

genetic condition in which a huma male has an extra male (Y) chromosome

Answer 12

klinefelter syndrome

Question 13

occurs when one of the two X chromosome s normally found in women is missing or incomplete

Answer 13

turner syndrome

Question 14

caused by deletion of additional genetic material near the elastin gene on chromosome 7

Answer 14

william syndrome

Question 15

what are the alterations of chromoses structures

Answer 15

deletion
duplication
inversion
translocation

Question 16

occurs when a chromosome fragment lacking a centromere is lost during cell division

Answer 16

deletion

Question 17

occurs when a fragment becomes attached as an exra segment to a sister chromatid

Answer 17

duplication

Question 18

occurs when a chromosal fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse orientation

Answer 18

inversion

Question 19

a chromosal fragment joinsa nonhomologous chromosome

Answer 19

translocation

Question 20

is an orderly set of stages that take place betweemn the time a cell divides and the time the resulting daughter cells also divide

Answer 20

cell cycle

Question 21

give the cell cycle stages

Answer 21

interphase
-G1 phase
-S phase
-G2 phase
m-phase
- mitosis
-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase
-cytokinesis

Question 22

is a process in which a cell may double its entire content in preparation for cell division

Answer 22

interphase

Question 23

the cells contents are distributed into daughter cells

Answer 23

M-phase

Question 24

a period when the cell increases in size in preparation for cell division

Answer 24

Gap 1 phase (G-phase) (growth)

Question 25

period during which DNA is synthesized and chromosomess are replicated

Answer 25

synthesis phase

Question 26

period when the cell continues to synthesize RNA and proteins and increase in size

Answer 26

G2 phase

Question 27

the process of cell division which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell

Answer 27

mitosis

Question 28

first phase of mitosis

Answer 28

prophase

Question 29

the process that seperates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

Answer 29

prophase

Question 30

regions of DNA where the sister chromatids are most tightly connected

Answer 30

centromeres

Question 31

a patch of protein found on the centromere of each sisters chromatid

Answer 31

kinetochore

Question 32

chromosomes align along equator of the cell, with one kinetochore facing each pole

Answer 32

metaphase

Question 33

sister chromatids seperate

Answer 33

anaphase

Question 34

spindle fibers disintegrate

Answer 34

telophase

Question 35

cytokinesis occurs, enclocing each daughter nucleus into a seperate cell

Answer 35

telophase

Question 36

division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, overlaps with the final stages of mitosis

Answer 36

cytokinesis

Question 37

involves combining the genetic information of one parent with that of the other parent to produce a genetically distinct individual

Answer 37

meiosis

Question 38

a division of the nucleus that reduces chromosome number by half

Answer 38

meiosis

Question 39

the process of sperm cell development

Answer 39

spermatogenesis

Question 40

the first stage of prophase 1 is _____________

Answer 40

leptotene stage

Question 41

during this stage, individual chromosomes begin to condense into long strands within the nucleus

Answer 41

leptotene

Question 42

occurs as the chromosomes approximately line up with each other into homologous chromosomes

Answer 42

zygotene

Question 43

Prophase 1 stages

Answer 43

leptotene zygotene pachynema diplotene diakinesis

Question 44

the homologous chromosomes separate from one another a little

Answer 44

diplotene

Question 45

in this stage the homologous chromosomes separate further and the chiasmata terminalize

Answer 45

diakinesis

Question 46

tetrads or homologous chromosomes move to the center of the cell

Answer 46

metaphase1

Question 47

homogolous chromosomes pulled to opposite poles

Answer 47

anaphase 1

Question 48

chromosomes cluster at opposite poles of cell and begin to decondense

Answer 48

telophase 1

Question 49

in this phase the nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle apparatus forms

Answer 49

prophaseII

Question 50

chromosomes move to cell equator

Answer 50

metaphase II

Question 51

produces four non-identical haploid cells

Answer 51

telophase II