Cell cycle (mitosis/meiosis)

Question 1

how do prokaryotes divide

Answer 1

binary fission

Question 2

how do eukaryotes divide

Answer 2

mitosis

Question 3

is binary fission or mitosis faster

Answer 3

binary fission b/c there is less to copy

Question 4

stages of interphase

Answer 4

G1, S-phase, G2

Question 5

what is G1

Answer 5

stage of cell growth

Question 6

what is s-phase

Answer 6

phase of DNA synthesis (copying)

Question 7

what is G2

Answer 7

final growth and preparation for mitosis

Question 8

what is G0 and where can it take place

Answer 8

a pause in interphase often within G1

Question 9

what is a chromosome called after it is duplicated

Answer 9

a sister chromatid

Question 10

difference between haploid and diploid cells

Answer 10

haploid=n
diploid=2n
difference in the number of sets of chromosomes within a cell

Question 11

stages of mitosis

Answer 11

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

Question 12

what happens during prophase

Answer 12

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope starts to breakdown, spindle starts to form

Question 13

what happens during prometaphase

Answer 13

nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes attach to microtubules and start moving to midzone

Question 14

what happens during metaphase

Answer 14

chromosomes attach to microtubules and align at the metaphase plate

Question 15

where is the metaphase plate

Answer 15

the middle of a cell

Question 16

what happens during anaphase

Answer 16

the sister chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles of the cell

Question 17

what happens during telophase

Answer 17

clean up
chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, spindle fibers disappear

Question 18

what happens during cytokinesis

Answer 18

division of the cytoplasm

Question 19

when does cytokinesis begin

Answer 19

late anaphase or telophase

Question 20

what is the mitotic spindle

Answer 20

refers to a complex protein structure made of microtubules for pulling apart chromosomes

Question 21

what are kinetochore microtubules responsible for

Answer 21

moving chromosomes, the microtubule that physically connects to the chromosomes

Question 22

what are the non-kinetochore microtubules responsible for

Answer 22

holding the spindle together and controlling its length

Question 23

what are astral microtubules used for

Answer 23

spindle positioning (moving to the ends) and length control

Question 24

what is the centromere

Answer 24

the constricted region of chromosomes linking the sister chromatids
center of the chromosome

Question 25

what is the kinetochores

Answer 25

complex proteins on either side of the chromatids for the kinetochore microtubules to attach to

Question 26

what happens to microtubules during anaphase a

Answer 26

kinetochore microtubules shorten and the chromatids move to the poles

Question 27

what happens during anaphase b

Answer 27

non-kinetochore microtubules slide apart and the spindle elongates

Question 28

what happens to the microtubules as the chromosomes move apart

Answer 28

they are disassembled as the chromosome moves up along it

Question 29

what is the cleavage furrow

Answer 29

an indentation in the surface of a cell that forms during cytokinesis

Question 30

why does the cleavage furrow form

Answer 30

b/c the contractile ring is cinching the membrane in until it pinches the two cells apart

Question 31

cytokinesis in plants

Answer 31

vesicles fuse to form a cell plate and divide in to out

Question 32

cytokinesis in animals

Answer 32

the contractile ring cinches from outside to separate the inside, divides out to in

Question 33

why is meiosis important

Answer 33

genetic variation for evolution

Question 34

what does meiosis create

Answer 34

gametes (sperm and egg cell), which are haploid cells

Question 35

how do chromosomes mix

Answer 35

crossover sites called chiasmata once the chromosomes are connected/paired

Question 36

what is synapsis

Answer 36

when homolog chromosomes pair up during meiosis

Question 37

how are chromosomes in meiosis held together

Answer 37

by the synaptonemal complex

Question 38

when does exchange/crossover between chromosomes happen

Answer 38

prophase

Question 39

what does meiosis 1 result in

Answer 39

two haploid cells

Question 40

what does meiosis 2 end with

Answer 40

4 haploid gametes

Question 41

what is alternation of generations in plants

Answer 41

a life cycle pattern in plants where they alternate between two distinct phases: a haploid gametophyte stage and a diploid sporophyte stage | two different stages of their life cycles

Question 42

what is sporic meiosis

Answer 42

the direct product of meiosis of 4 haploid spores (not gametes)

Question 43

what is zygotic meiosis

Answer 43

when the zygote immediately does meiosis and does not grow at all

Question 44

what happens if the cell cycle does not stop

Answer 44

creates a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor

Question 45

why would cell division not stop

Answer 45

a damaged cell resulting in the signal to stop not being sent

Question 46

difference between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 46

mitosis results in duplicate (exact twin) cells meiosis results in 4 cell variations