Cell cycle & mitosis; Meiosis (Chapter 11, 12)

Question 1

_____________ are nuclear units of genetic info & associated proteins

Answer 1

Chromosomes

Question 2

Describe sister chromatids

Answer 2

• same as parent chromosome paired threads
• held together until mitosis separates them
• genetic info

Question 3

What are the essential components of the cell theory

Answer 3

living things are made from cells

cells come from other cells

Question 4

What happens in the interphase portion of mitotic cell division

Answer 4

non dividing cell phase

G₁ Phase - makes organelles

S Phase - replication of DNA

G₂ Phase - more organelles

Question 5

define somatic cells

Answer 5

non-gamete cells

copying and dividing

genetic clone

Question 6

What are the five phases of the M Phase

Answer 6

Prophase

Prometaphases

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Question 7

What is the function of mitosis

Answer 7

Growth

wound repair

sexual reporduction

Question 8

______________ is a copy of one strand of DNA

Answer 8

Chromatid

Question 9

___________________ is the centre point between the sister chrmatids that bind them together

Answer 9

centromere

Question 10

________ are the proteins at the centromere where microtubules bind

Answer 10

Kinetochore

Question 11

____________ the protein ring that stabilizes the loops of the Chromosomes, condeses it

Answer 11

Condensins

Question 12

What are the two purposes of the microtubules during mitosis

Answer 12

1. to adhere to the centromere
2. for pulling the diving cells to opposite poles

Question 13

What protein is responsible for binding down the loops of the sister chromatids together at the centramere

Answer 13

cohesins

Question 14

______________ is the structure on sister chromatids where mirotubles attach

Answer 14

kinetochore

Question 15

What is the root for the word meiosis

Answer 15

Lessening act

Becauuse the sperm and egg cells have only 2 chromosomes, whereas all other cells have 4

Question 16

What is the difference between an allele and a gene

Answer 16

allele is different versons of the same gene -> traits

homologs carry same genes but different traits

Question 17

What are the four phases of the cell cycle

Answer 17

M-Phase - Cell Division

G1 - Organelles replicated

S Phase: synthesis phase - replication of DNA

G2 - more organelles replicated

Question 18

Meiosis leads to ________ cells

Somatic or gamete

Answer 18

gamete

Question 20

What are the 3 key events mitosis is responsible for

Answer 20

• growth
• wound repair
• reporductive (asexual)

Question 22

What is the root of the word cytokenesis

Answer 22

cell movement

Question 23

Put the 5 phases of mitosis in order

1. metaphase
2. telophase
3. prometaphase
4. prophase
5. anaphase

Answer 23

Prophase

Prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

Question 24

______________ are non gamete cells, coying and dividing - a genetic clone

Answer 24

somatic cells

Question 25

When during M phase are the chromosomes the smallest

Answer 25

Prophase

Question 26

Describe what is going on to the chromosome during prophase

Answer 26

``before Phase`` chromosome compaction spindle app, working on the structure cytoplasmic creation

Question 27

Describe what is going on during prometaphase

Answer 27

``before middle phase`` nuclear envelope dissapears spindle enters nuclear area microtubules attach to chromosomes on the kinetechares of each chromosome some of the microtubules overlap - for cell division mobility

Question 28

What is happening with the chromosomes during metaphase

Answer 28

the are being lined up at the midpoint the formation of the spindle apparatus is complete

Question 29

What is happening during the anaphase

Answer 29

``against phase`` sister chromatids separate and move to opp poles spindle app pulls chromosomes and pushes poles of cells away

Question 30

What is happening during telophase

Answer 30

``end phase`` nuclear envelop re forms spindle app disintigrates

Question 31

describe how the cleavage furrow is happening

Answer 31

via motor proteins actin and myosin part of cytokinesis

Question 32

Microtubules - how do they work on the chromosomes and cell division

Answer 32

microtubles attach to the kinetochore on it`s positive side, which is also where it lengthens and sortens to pull the chromosome in place microtubules also overlap and their function is cytokinesis

Question 33

what are the two distince proteins in Mitosis Promoting Factor MPF

Answer 33

Kinase cyclins

Question 34

What is the purpose of MPF

Answer 34

induces mitosis

Question 35

Which of the proteins in MPF fluctuate in concentration of the cell cycle

Answer 35

cyclin bound to cyclin dependend kinase CdK

Question 36

Which phase are cyclines at theeir highest concentration

Answer 36

m phase

Question 37

What does the kinase do

Answer 37

enzyme cleives Pi from ATP on target protein therefore a regulatory element

Question 38

Whoe does the MPF work with the cyclins and \>CdK (cyclin dependant Kinase)

Answer 38

On the CdK the are 2 phophoralated sites which is the MPF in it`s inactive state Late in G2 phase enzyme cleaive on Pi and preomes active -\> M phase

Question 39

How is MPF deactivated

Answer 39

during anaphase it starts to degregate cyclin gets marked for destruction by ubiqutin and the proteasome therefore concentration degredated and concentrations reduce

Question 40

Where in the cell cycle are the checkpoints

Answer 40

G1 - Is it big enough, enough nutrients, social signals for growth, is the damage to the DNA, G2 - MPF key in signaling, if error in DNA the dephoporalization fo MPF is blocked Metaphase checkpoint - pass go if chromosomes attached to spindle app correctly

Question 41

what is the definition of apoptosis

Answer 41

cell self destruction

Question 42

During the G1 checkpoint if _________ defective DNA remains unrepaired, this protein is also called

Answer 42

p53 tumor supressors

Question 43

Cancer arrises from faulty checkpoints, there are two major types. What are they

Answer 43

Make proteins for cell growht active when they shouldn`t defects prevent tumor suppressor cells from shutting down during the cycle

Question 44

what does platelet derived growth factor PDGF do

Answer 44

it is a growth factor binds to tyrosine kinases on cell mb