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Fundamentals of Botany > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

process by which cells reproduce themselves

A

cell division

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2
Q

enables multicellular organism to grow and develop and to replace worn out or damaged tissues

A

cell division

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3
Q

cell division consists of two activities:

A

karyokinesis
cytokinesis

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4
Q

nuclear division

A

karyokinesis

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5
Q

cytoplasmic division

A

cytokinesis

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6
Q

two kinds of cell division

A

mitosis
meiosis

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7
Q

series of activities through which a cell passes from the time it is formed until it reproduces

A

cell cycle

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8
Q

last for about 90% of the cell cycle

A

cell division

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9
Q

two major activities of the cell cycle

A

interphase/metabolic phase
cell division

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10
Q

referred to as the resting stage of the cell

A

interphase

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11
Q

during this stage, the replication of DNA, centrosomes and centrioles occurs and the RNA and protein needed to produce structures required for doubling all cellular components are manufactured

A

interphase

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12
Q

three distinct periods of interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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13
Q

the G in G1 stands for

A

growth/gap

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14
Q

during which cells are engaged in growth, metabolism, and the production of substances required for DNA synthesis and cell division

A

G1 period

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15
Q

highly changeable ranging from non-existent in rapidly dividing cells to days, weeks, or years

A

G1 period

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16
Q

average time period of G1

A

8-10 hours

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17
Q

cells that are intended to never divide again are permanently arrested in this stage

A

G1 phase

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18
Q

examples of cells in G1 state after about 6 months of development

A

nerve cells

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19
Q

rest in G1 phase becoming permanent cells of the central nervous system

A

nerve cells

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20
Q

is the period of interphase during which chromosomes are replicated

A

s period

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21
Q

the S in S period stands for

A

synthesis

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22
Q

what happens in S period for the DNA

A

double helical structure partially unwinds
strands separate at points where hydrogen bonds join base pairs

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23
Q

what happens to the exposed base after the strands separate in s period

A

picks up a complementary pair

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24
Q

what will stop the process of exposed base finding their complementary pairs

A

until each of the two original DNA strands is matched and joined with a newly formed DNA strand

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25
Q

how long does s phase take place

A

6-8 hours

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26
Q

what happens when a cell goes through S phase

A

committed to enter cell division

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27
Q

the mitochondria divide and the cell continues to grow in preparation for cell division

A

G2 period

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28
Q

since the G-phases are stages when there are no events related to chromosomal replication, they are though of as ___

A

gaps or interruptions in DNA synthesis

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29
Q

karyokinesis

A

mitosis

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30
Q

karyokinesis is divided into what

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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31
Q

finalizes cell division

A

cytokinesis

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32
Q

time required for mitosis differs with what

A

kind of cell
location
other factors (temperature)

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33
Q

how long does mitosis and cytokinesis happen

A

1-2 hours

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34
Q

somatic “body” cell division

A

mitosis

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35
Q

parent cells divide to produce what

A

two identical daughter cells

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36
Q

the process ensures that each daughter cell has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original parent cell

A

mitosis

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37
Q

mitosis is the kind of cell division that allows what (3)

A

growth of multicellular organisms
asexual reproduction
wound healing

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38
Q

meaning of pro in prophase

A

before

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39
Q

what happens to the chromatin in prophase

A

condenses and shortens into chromosomes

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40
Q

how many identical double-stranded DNA are there in prophase

A

a pair

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41
Q

pair of double-stranded DNA molecules

A

chromatids

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42
Q

chromatids are held together by a small spherical body called

A

centromere

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43
Q

used for the proper segregation of chromosomes

A

centromere

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44
Q

protein complex that is attached to the outside of each centromere

A

kinetochore

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45
Q

what happens to the nucleoli, nuclear envelope, RNA synthesis in mitosis

A

nucleoli - disappears
RNA synthesis - stops
nuclear envelope - breaks down and is absorbed in the cytosol

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46
Q

what will the centrioles do in prophase

A

move at the opposite poles of the cells and start to form the mitotic spindle

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47
Q

three types of microtubule that form as the mitotic spindle continues to develop

A

nonkinetochore microtubule
kinetochore microtubule
aster microtubules

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48
Q

grow from centrosomes, extend inward, but do not bind to kinetochores

A

nonkinetochore microtubule

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49
Q

grow from centrosomes, extend inward, and attach to kinetochores

A

kinetochore microtubule

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50
Q

grow out of chromosomes, but radiate outward from the mitotic spindle

A

aster microtubules

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51
Q

attachment site for chromosomes and also distributes chromosomes to the opposite poles of the cell

A

spindle

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52
Q

part of prophase that the chromosomes moves toward the equator of the cell

A

late prophase

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53
Q

period when maximum condensation of chromosomes is very evident

A

metaphase

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54
Q

the centromeres of the chromatid pairs line up at the exact center of the mitotic spindle called the

A

metaphase plate/equatorial plain region

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55
Q

characterized by the splitting and separation of centromeres and the movement of two sister chromatids of each pair towards the opposite poles of the cell

A

anaphase

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56
Q

sister chromatids in anaphase are referred to as

A

daughter chromosomes

57
Q

the movement of chromosomes is due to what in anaphase (kinetochore and nonkinetochure microtubules)

A

shortening of kinetochore microtubules
elongation of non kinetochore microtubules

58
Q

begins as soon as chromosomal movement stops

A

telophase

59
Q

opposite of prophase

A

telophase

60
Q

what happens to the identical set of chromosomes at the opposite poles of the cell in telophase

A

it uncoils and revert to their threadlike chromatin form

61
Q

what happens to kinetochore/nonkinetochore microtubules in telophase

A

kinetochore - disappear
nonkinetochore - elongate even more

62
Q

what happens around each chromatin mass in telophase

A

new nuclear envelope reform around each chromatin mass

63
Q

what happens to the nucleoli and mitotic spindle in telophase

A

new nucleoli reappear
mitotic spindle breaks up

64
Q

division of parent cell’s cytoplasm and organelles

A

cytokinesis

65
Q

occurs during the telophase stage with formation of the cleavage furrow

A

cytokinesis

66
Q

slight indentation of the plasma membrane extending around the center of the cell

A

cleavage furrow

67
Q

what happens when cytokinesis completes

A

interphase begins

68
Q

result of cytokinesis

A

two separated daughter cells

69
Q

reproductive “gamete” cell division

A

meiosis

70
Q

how many haploid nucleis are produced in meiosis

A

four

71
Q

how many chromosomes produced in mitosis

A

46

72
Q

how many chromosomes in a daughter cell in meiosis

A

23

73
Q

can exchange genetic material before being separated (meosis)

A

homologous chromosomes

74
Q

is the daughter cell different from parents and each other

A

yes

75
Q

mechanism by which gametes (sex cells) are produced, the basis of sexual reproduction

A

meiosis

76
Q

what will happen to the number of chromosomes asexually reproducing without meiosis

A

would be doubled in each generation

77
Q

meiosis is characterized by two successive divisions that result to the formation of haploid gametes

A

meiosis I and II

78
Q

also called reduction division since the number of chromosomes in a cell is halved (2n -> n)

A

Meiosis I

79
Q

preceded by interphase apparently identical to that of mitosis, DNA and organelles are duplicated and stored ATP is used

A

Meiosis I

80
Q

stages of Meiosis I

A

prophase I
metaphse I
anaphase I
telophase I

81
Q

substages of prophase I

A

leptonema/leptotene
zygonema/zygotene
pachynema/pachytene
diplonema/diplotene
diakinesis

82
Q

stage of prophase I where there is an initiation of homology search

A

leptonema/leptotene

83
Q

means “thin threads”

A

leptonema/leptotene

84
Q

stage of prophase I where chromosomes appear like “beads-on-a-string”

A

leptonema/leptotene

85
Q

means “yoked threads”

A

zygonema/zygotene

86
Q

stage of prophase I where condensation continues

A

zygonema/zygotene

87
Q

stage of prophase I where there is rough pairing

A

zygonema/zygotene

88
Q

initial alignment of homologous chromosomes

A

zygonema/zygotene

89
Q

stage of prophase I where bivalents form

A

zygonema/zygotene

90
Q

what is the number of bivalents

A

n

91
Q

means thick threads

A

pachynema/pachytene

92
Q

homologous chromosomes are already distinguished under the microscope

A

pachynema/pachytene

93
Q

stage of prophase I where there is an intimate pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

pachynema/pachytene

94
Q

intimate pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

synapsis

95
Q

the four sister chromatids are evident in pachynema and form a

A

tetrad

96
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads in leptonema

A

none

97
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads in zygonema

A

bivalence = 3
tetrads = none

98
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads in pachynema

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = 3

99
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads in diplonema

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = 3

100
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads in diakinesis

A

bivalence = none
tetrads =3

101
Q

means “double threads”

A

diplonema/diplotene

102
Q

one or more areas of the non-sister chromatids remain in contact; sites of crossing over

A

diplonema/diplotene

103
Q

one or more areas of the non-sister chromatids remain in contact

A

chiasmata (sing. cihiasma)

104
Q

genetic exchange between maternal and paternal chromosomes

A

crossing over

105
Q

means “moving apart”

A

diakinesis

106
Q

chromosome separation proceeds but as this happens, the chiasmata move towards the end of each tetrad

A

diakinesis

107
Q

the chiasmata moving towards the end of each tetrad

A

terminalization

108
Q

disintegration of nucleolus and nuclear membrane

A

diakinesis

109
Q

centromeres of each tetrad attach to the mitotic spindle

A

diakinesis

110
Q

maximum condensation of chromosomes is attained (meiosis)

A

metaphase I

111
Q

terminal chiasmata of each tetrad are visible and appear to be the only factor holding the non-sister chromatids together

A

metaphase I

112
Q

movement of homologous chromosomes to the metaphase plate

A

metaphase I

113
Q

tetrads separate and dyads move toward opposite poles

A

anaphase I

114
Q

new nuclear membrane reforms

A

telophase I

115
Q

nucleus enter into a short interphase

A

telophase I

116
Q

some cells proceed directly to Meiosis I, skipping this

A

telophase I

117
Q

also called equatorial division since the haploid cells produced by meiosis I divide producing 4 haploid cells that are genetically different from each other

A

meiosis II

118
Q

very similar to mitosis in that it results in the separation of sister chromatids

A

meiosis II

119
Q

stages of meiosis II

A

prophase II
metaphase II
anaphase II
telophase II

120
Q

each dyad is made up of two sister chromatids joined together by a common centromere

A

prophase II

121
Q

alignment of centromeres at metaphase plate

A

metaphase II

122
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads, dyads in metaphase I

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = 3
dyads = none

123
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads, dyads in anaphase I

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = none
dyads = 6

124
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads, dyads in telophase I

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = none
dyads = 6 (in total), 3 (per daughter cell)

125
Q

splitting of centromeres and movement of monads towards the opposite poles of the cell

A

anaphase II

125
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads, dyads in metaphase II

A

bivalence = none
tetrads = none
dyads = 6 (in total), 3 (per daughter cell)

126
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many bivalence, tetrads, dyads in anaphase II

A

none

127
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many monads in anaphase II

A

in total = 12
per daughter cell = 6

128
Q

monads reach opposite poles

A

telophase II

129
Q

nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform (meiosis II)

A

telophase II

130
Q

chromosomes uncoil and become inconspicuous; cytokinesis occurs

A

telophase II

131
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the kinds of cell they divide

A

mitosis = somatic
meiosis - gametes

132
Q

suppose that 2n = 6 and n =3 , how many monads in telophase II

A

total = 12
per DC = 3

133
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the number of divisions per cycl

A

mitosis = one
meiosis = two

134
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the number of daughter cells formed per cycle

A

mitosis = two
meiosis = four

135
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in the chromosome no. of daughter cells

A

mitosis = diploid (2n)
meiosis = haploid (n)

136
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in progeny/daughter cells

A

mitosis = genetically identical
meiosis = genetically different

137
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in time of cycle

A

mitosis = throughout life
meiosis = completed after sexual maturity (humans)

138
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis in uses

A

mitosis = growth, repair, asexual reproduction
meiosis = sexual reproduction, generating new gene combinations

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