Plant Tissues Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
are multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well-developed tissues
A
plants
2
Q
due to photosynthesis, and it contains chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, and other pigments, plants are considered as this
A
autotrophic
3
Q
where plants store starch
A
chloroplasts
4
Q
contains cellulose
A
cell wall
5
Q
plant protect its development by providing it with water and nutrients within the female reproductive structure
A
embryo
6
Q
plants alternate within this
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2-generation life cycle
7
Q
2 generation life cycle of plants
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sporophyte
gametophyte
8
Q
3 groups of nonvascular plants
A
Liverworts (hepatophyta)
Hornworts (anthocerophyta)
Mosses (bryophyta)
9
Q
Liverworts
A
(hepatophyta)
10
Q
hepatophyta
A
liverworts
11
Q
Hornworts
A
(anthocerophyta)
12
Q
anthoceropyta
A
hornworts
13
Q
mosses
A
bryophyta
14
Q
bryophyta
A
mosses
15
Q
non-vascular plants lack these
A
vacular tissues
16
Q
non-vascular plants do not have no true roots, stems, and leaves but they have these
A
stem-like, root-like, and leaf-like structures
17
Q
non-vascular plants are usually small, and the largest is no more than what
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20cm tall
18
Q
where non-vascular plants are usually found
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moist habitats
19
Q
is the dominant, independent and photosynthetic in non-vascular plants
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gametophyte
20
Q
the dependent, attached in non-vascular plants and derives its nourishment from its counterpart
A
sporophyte
21
Q
cuticle protects against:
A
desiccation
abrasion
fungal and bacterial attacks
22
Q
found in moist areas because they do not have vascular tissues
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mosses
23
Q
enables plants to live in permafrost/desert conditions
A
vascular tissues
24
Q
general pattern of reproduction among plants
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alternation of generation
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majority of plants belong in this stage (alternation of generation)
sporophyte (2n)
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sporophytes undergo what to become a gametophyte
meiosis
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plant stage where the plant produces the gametes
gametophyte
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process where egg is fertilized by the sperm, the zygote forms
fertilization
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seed germinates to become this
sporophyte
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in bryophytes, what generation is dependent and independent?
sporophytes - dependent
gametophytes - independent
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alternation of generation where it is the fruiting bodies
sporophytes
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alternation of generation where it is the photosynthetic stage
gametophytes
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what does "dependent" means in alternation of generation
if they are removed from the body, they die
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Seedless vascular plants includes the following:
Ferns (pteridophyta)
Whisk ferns (Psilotophyta)
Quillworts
Club and spike mosses (lycodophyta)
Horsetail (equisetophyta)
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Ferns (
pteridophyta
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pteridophyta
ferns
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Whisk ferns
psilotophyta
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psilotophyta
whisk ferns
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Quillworts
Isoetes
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Isoetes
Quillworts
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Club and spike mosses
lycodophyta
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(lycodophyta)
club and spike mosses
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Horsetail
(equisetophyta)
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equisetophyta
horsetail
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vascular tissues of vascular plants
xylem and phloem
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vascular plants have these compared to non-vascular plants
true roots, stems, and leaves
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in vascular plants, these are more dominant
sporophyte
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in ferns (seedless vascular plants) which generation is dependent/independent
sporophytes - independent
gametophyte - independent
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dependent on their counterparts in vascular plants (ssed vascular)
gametohpyte
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cone bearing plants
gymnosperms
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conifers or pine
pinophyte
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pinophyte
confiers or pine
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cycadophyte
cycads
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cycads
cycadophyte
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gingko
gingkophyta
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gingkgophyta
gingko
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gnetophyta
gnetophytes
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gnetophytes
gnetophyta
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fruit-bearing or flowering plants
angiosperms
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flowering plants
magnoliophyta
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dicot
magnoliopsida
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magnoliopsida
dicot
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liliopsida
monocot
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more primitive than monocots
dicot
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embryo has two cotyledon
dicot
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dicot’s floral part are usually these
4 or 5, multiples of 4s and 5s
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dicot’s stems are characterized by these
woody herbaceous stem
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dicot’s leaves are characterized by these
oval or palmate leaves with netlike venation
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the dicot’s root system
taproot system
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more advanced than dicots
monocot
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monocot’s embryo has how many cotyledon
one cotyledon
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monocot’s floral parts are these
floral parts in 3 or multiples of 3
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monocot's stems are characterized by these
Herbaceous, soft and green stems
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monocot’s leaves are these
narrow shaped leaves with parallel venation
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monocot’s root system
fibrous system
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system that is inserted into the soil
root system
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system that is exposed
shoot system
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Classified into primary and secondary tissues responsible for primary and secondary growth
vascular plant tissues
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refers to increase in height
primary growth
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refers to increase in diameter and formation of woody structure
secondary growth
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Four types of vascular plant tissues:
Meristem/meristematic
Dermal
Ground fundamental
Vascular
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also called embryonic or growth tissue
meristematic tissue
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composed of unique, differentiated small actively dividing cells
meristematic tissue
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thin walls and large nuclei
meristematic tissues
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lack conspicuous vacuoles and intercellular spaces
meristematic tissues
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types of meristematic tissues
terminal or apical
lateral
intercalary
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meristematic tissues located at the tips of the root and stems
terminal or apical meristem
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meristematic tissues responsible for establishing patterns and producing new, genetically healthy cells
terminal or apical meristem
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in these, portions of apical meristems are separated from the apex during development, thus forming
intercalary meristems
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lie below the node and at the base of the stem of grasses, disappear when transformed into permanent tissue
intercalary meristem
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composed of initial cells that divide chiefly in one plane
lateral meristems
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meristematic tissues that increase the diameter of the organ
lateral meristem
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derivatives of meristem
protoderm
procambium
ground meristem
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forms the dermal tissues; irreplaceable
protoderm
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forms the vascular tissues
procambium
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forms the ground tissues
ground meristem
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cover the body of the plant
dermal tissues
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functions of dermal tissue
the absorption of water and minerals,
secretion of cuticle,
protection against herbivores,
control gas exchange
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tissues that have few intercellular spaces
dermal tissues
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composition of dermal tissues
cuticle
epidermal cells
trichomes
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two types of dermal tissues
epiderm
periderm
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composed of fatty mineral, waterproof cutin
cuticle
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covers the cuticle
epicuticular wax
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cuticles becomes the outer covering of these, particularly the upper surface
leaves
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cuticle protects the plants from these
desiccation and microbes
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in leaves and young green stems, the only intercellular spaces are the stomata surrounded by guard cells
epidermal cells
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responsible for gas exchange and cellular recognition in dermal tissues
epidermal cells
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unicellular or multicellular outgrowths from the epidermal cell
trichomes
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example of trichomes
cotton, fibers, menthol of peppermint, and root hairs
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dermal tissue part responsible for nutrition and absorption and protection from herbivores and humans
trichomes
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fate of epidermis
short-lived in many plants
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the epidermis is replaced by this
periderm
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form the bulk of the softer parts of plants
fundamental ground tissue
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includes the pith and cortex of the stem, leaf tissues except for epidermis and veins, and major portions of fruits
fundamental ground tissues
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ground tissues function
storage
basic metabolism
support
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parenchyma is derived from the Greek words
para - "beside"
chein - "to pour in"
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most common and most abundant plant tissue
parenchyma
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occur in all organs of higher plants, have long-lived protoplast, large vacuoles, and thin walls (ground tissues)
parenchyma
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types of parenchymal cells
chlorenchyma
aerenchyma
transfer cells
storage parenchyma
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covers the entire plant
epiderm
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found in developing seeds, very important in increasing surface area of absorption
root hairs
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meaning of trichomes
trichos - "hair"
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present in lower epidermis especially in dicots, regulates the opening (stomates)
guard cells
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periderm is made up of
cork
cork cambium
living phloem
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part of periderm that is dead at maturity, important for waterproofing
cork cells
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produces the bark when the original part is removed
cork cambium
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openings/gaps in the bark
lenticels
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openings/gaps in the bark due to overpopulation of cork in the cork cambium, functions in gas exchange
lenticels
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parenchyma cells that contains chloroplast
chlorenchyma
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parenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces to improve gas exchange and provide maximum support
aerenchyma
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which parenchymal cells is found in the spongy layer of the leaf
aerenchyma cells
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parenchyma specialized for transport of solutes
transfer cells
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▪ occur in areas of high solute transport along the conducting cells of xylem and phloem
transfer cells
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collenchyma is derived from this Greek word
colla - "glue"
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composed of elongated cells with unevenly thickened stretchable cell walls, cell is often in strands or as a cylinder beneath the epidermis
collenchyma
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most specialized and most abundant ground tissue
parenchyma
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thick stretchable cells where it stains red under the microscope
collenchyma
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form bundle sheat and cylinders and provides flexible support to the growing regions of the plant
collenchyma
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ground tissue that is dead at maturity, have thick secondary walls with lignin, support the mature regions of the plan
sclerenchyma
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the word Sclerenchyma is derived from the Greek word
skleros - "hard"
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type of sclerenchyma
sclereids
fibers
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relatively short cells with variable shapes, usually occur in singly or small groups (types of sclerenchyma)
sclereids
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type of sclerenchyma characterized by long slender cells with sufficient tensile strength, occur in strands or bundles
fibers
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composed of several kinds of cells that differ in structure and in function, specialized for long-distance transport of water and dissolved solutes
vascular tissues
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vascular tissues contain
transfer cells
secretor cells
fibers
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the word Phloem is derived from the Greek word
phlos - "bark"
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principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plant
phloem
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Transports dissolved organic materials in all directions throughout the plant
phloem
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materials moving through the phloem are in a what pressure
positive pressure
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composition of phloem
primary phloem
secondary phloem
conducting cells
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phloem conducts food and other materials in what directions
upwards, downwards, laterally
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found in all vascular plants except angiosperms (phloem component)
sieve cells
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phloem component with albuminous cells
sieve cells
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apomorphy of angiosperms (phloem components)
sieve tube
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has sieve areas only
sieve cells
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has both sieve areas and plates
sieve tubes
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phloem component with companion cells
sieve tube members
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boss of the sieve tube
companion cell
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companion cell is important in what
loading/unloading sugar
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vascular tissues in roots
vascular cylinder
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vascular tissues in stems
vascular bundles
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vascular tissues in leaves
vein
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component of phloem that differentiates from procambium, have primary cell well that are not highly modified
primary phloem
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primary phloem can be
protophloem
metaphloem
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phloem located in elongating region
protophloem
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phloem located in non-elongating region
metaphloem
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constitutes the inner layer of bark (composition of phloem)
secondary phloem
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called sieve elements
conducting cells
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Lack nucleus and alive at maturity, Have thin primary cell wall with sieve areas perforated by sieve pores
conducting cells in phloem
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more primitive than sieve tube members, long and have tapered, overlapping ends
sieve cells
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more evolutionary advanced; shorter and wider, arranged from end-to-end
sieve tube members
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Have larger sieve areas, associated with at least one companion cell
sieve tube members
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in sieve tube regulate the loading and unloading of carbohydrates
companion cell
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the word xylem is derived from the Greek word
xylos - "wood"
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Principal water-conducting tissue in vascular plants
xylem
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Transports water upward from the roots up to the leaves
xylem
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water in xylem moves up in a what pressure
negative pressure
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composition of xylem
primary xylem
secondary xylem
conducting cells in xylem
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lined with casparian strip (border the sides of endodermal cells)
endodermis
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forces fluids outside through plasma membrane (selective absorption)
casparian strip
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made up of lignin/suberin (both are waterproofing materials)
endodermis
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differentiates from procambium, have a secondary cell that are highly modified
primary xylem
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xylem located in elongating region
protoxylem
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xylem located in nonelongating region
metaxylem
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commonly called wood, cells are more abundant and in different frequencies
secondary xylem
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elongated, dead cells with thick, lignified cell wall (composition of xylem)
conducting cells
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most primitive and least specialized, long slender cells with tapered, overlapping ends that are major water-conducting vessels in non-flowering plants
tracheids
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more evolutionary advanced than tracheids, found in angiosperms
vessel elements
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has a perforation plate and diameter to tracheid are 10x larger
vessel elements
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allow water to flow through while providing support for the vessel
perforation plate
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origin, nature, and major function of epidermis
protoderm
simple, living, usually one layer
protection
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origin, nature, and major function of parenchyma
ground meristem
simple, living, multi layered
storage and synthesis
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origin, nature, and major function of collenchyma
ground meristem
simple, living multilayered
support
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origin, nature, and major function of scelerenchyma
ground meristem
simple, unliving multilayered
support, flexibility, hardness
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origin, nature, and major function of endodermis
ground meristem
simple living and non-living, one layer
directs passage of water and minerals into root xylem
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origin, nature, and major function of pericycle
procambium
simple, living, one layer
production of branch roots
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origin, nature, and major function of primary xylem
procambium
complex, mostly non-living, multilayered
water transport
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origin, nature, and major function of primary phloem
procambium
complex, mostly non-living, multilayered
food transport
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origin, nature, and major function of vascular cambium
procambium
simple, living, one layer
production of secondary xylem and phloem
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origin, nature, and major function of secondary xylem
vascular cambium
complex, mostly non-livin, multilayered
water transport
201
origin, nature, and major function of secondary phloem
vascular cambium
complex, mostly living multilayered
food transport
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origin, nature, and major function of cork
cork cambium
simple, non-living, multilayered
protection and support
203
origin, nature, and major function of phelloderm
cork cambium
simple, living, one to two layers
protection and support
204
are multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well-developed tissues
plants
205
plants are grouped as
nonvascular
vascular seedless
seed vascular
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different types of tissues
meristematic
dermal
ground
vascular
