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BIO CRUNCH TIME > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Chromosomes

A

Packages of DNA that hold many genes

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2
Q

Chromatin

A

Complexes of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes

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3
Q

Somatic cells

A

Cells of the human body: contain 46 chromosomes

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4
Q

Gamete cells

A

Sperm/egg cells in the body; contain 23 chromosomes

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5
Q

Sister chromatid

A

One of a pair of chromatids in a duplicated chromosome

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6
Q

Centromere

A

Place where sister chromatids join, exhibits slight pinching

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of genetic material within the nucleus

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8
Q

Cell cycle phases (excluding mitosis)

A

G1 phase: cell grows
S phase: DNA copies
G2 phase: cell grows more

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9
Q

Centrosomes

A

Regions in the cell that organize spindle microtubules

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10
Q

Prophase

A

Spindle fibers grow; chromosomes condense; centrosomes drift apart

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11
Q

Prometaphase

A

Microtubules drift around; some attach to kinetochores

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12
Q

Kinetochore

A

A special protein structure on the chromosome’s centromere

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate, cell elongates

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15
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter nuclei form, chromosomes de-condense

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16
Q

Aster

A

Radial array of short microtubules that attaches to plasma membrane later in mitosis

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17
Q

Role of kinetochore microtubules

A

Pull sister chromatids apart

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18
Q

Role of non-kinetochore microtubules

A

Elongate the cell

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19
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

A contractile ring of proteins that pinches the cell into two daughters

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20
Q

Cell plate

A

A partly-formed barrier between two dividing plant cells

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21
Q

Binary fission

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A

Process of asexual reproduction in bacteria

22
Q

Origin of replication

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A

Point on a bacterial chromosome where DNA begins replicating

23
Q

Cell cycle control system

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A

A cycle of molecules in the cell that coordinates key events in the cell cycle

24
Q

Checkpoint

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A

A stop-and-go point in the cell cycle to check whether the necessary prep for the next stage is complete

25
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk)
Kinases that activate only when bound to cyclin
26
Cyclin
A protein in the cell that fluctuates its concentration
27
MPF
A cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers cell passage into M phase
28
G0 phase
A non-dividing phase, which is reached if the G1 checkpoint is not passed for a long time
29
PDGF
Growth factor from platelets
30
Growth factor
A protein released by some cells to stimulate others into dividing
31
Density-dependent inhibition
A halt to cell division among overcrowded cells
32
Anchorage dependence
A requirement of a substrate for cells to divide
33
HeLa cells
Cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks; have continued reproducing since 1951
34
Benign tumor
Mass of cancer cells that remains at the original site
35
Malignant tumor
Mass of cancer cells that can spread to new tissues
36
Metastatis
Spread of cancer cells to other sites
37
Asexual reproduction
Creation of clone offspring from a single parent
38
Sexual reproduction
Creation of unique offspring from two parents
39
Karyotype
Visual depiction of an organism's chromosomes
40
X and Y chromosomes
Sex chromosomes; XX is female, XY is male
41
Autosomes
Non-sex chromosomes
42
Diploid cell
Has two sets of chromosomes (somatic cells)
43
Haploid cell
Has one set of chromosomes (gamete cells)
44
Zygote
A fertilized egg; union of gametes
45
Meiosis
Cell division for gametes; reduces cells from diploid to haploid
46
Sporophyte
A multicellular diploid stage in plants; meiosis of the sporophyte makes spores
47
Gametophyte
A multicellular haploid stage in plants; mitosis of the gametophyte makes gametes
48
Meiosis I
Splits a diploid parent with duplicated chromosomes into two haploid offspring with duplicated chromosomes
49
Crossing over
The sealing of DNA breaks by bonding homologous chromosomes to each other
50
Chiasmata
Regions where crossing over has occurred
51
Synapsis
The process of binding DNA from homologous chromosomes to each other, causing crossing over
52
Meiosis II
From two haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes, makes four haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes and unique gene combos; essentially identical to mitosis

BIO CRUNCH TIME (7 decks)

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