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Physiology Exam 4 > Cell Division and Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Division and Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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2
Q

3 groups of proliferative potential

A
  1. Labile cells
  2. Stable cells
  3. Permanent cells
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3
Q

Labile cells aka?

A

Continuously dividing

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4
Q

Examples of labile cells

A
  1. Epithelium (skin, oral cavity, repro organs, GI)
  2. Salivary glands
  3. Exocrine pancreas
  4. Hematopoietic cells of bone marrow
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5
Q

Stable cells aka?

A

Quiescent cells

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6
Q

Examples of stable cells

A
  1. Parechyma (liver, kidney, pancreas)
  2. Vascular endothelial cells
  3. Smooth muscle cells
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7
Q

Stable cell cycle

A

Rest in G(0) but can be driven to re-enter G(1)

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8
Q

Labile cell cycle

A

Proceed through cell cycle continuously

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9
Q

Permanent cell cycle

A

Have exited cell cycle → cannot re-enter

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10
Q

Examples of permanent cells

A
  1. Nerve cells
  2. Cardiac myocytes
  3. Skeletal muscle
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11
Q

Can fully differentiated cells regenerate?

A

No

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12
Q

Tissues must have ___ cells to regenerate

+ an example of an organ which doesn’t have any

A

Stem cell

Heart

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13
Q

Life cycle of stem cells in GI tract

A
  1. “Born” by stem cell division
  2. Migrate to top of villi while differentiating
  3. At top → die and shed into lumen
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14
Q

Transition time of epithelial cells in lumen

A

3-5 days

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15
Q

Inhibition of CO-1 leads to?

A

Depletion of stem cells and ulcerations

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16
Q

3 methods of transmitting growth signals

A
  1. Growth factors
  2. Steroid hormones (estrogen, testoserone)
  3. other hormones (NE)
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17
Q

3 cell cycle checkpoints

A
  1. G1/S checkpoint
  2. M checkpoint
  3. G2/M checkpoint
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18
Q

Questions cell asks itself at G1/S checkpoint

A
  1. Growth signal?
  2. Cell size?
  3. Environment?
  4. DNA ok?
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19
Q

Questions cell asks at G2/M checkpoint?

A
  1. DNA duplication ok?

2. Cell size

20
Q

Questions cell asks at M checkpoint?

A

Are chromosomes correctly distributed?

21
Q

pRB stands fo?

A

Retinoblastoma protein

22
Q

Function of pRB

A

Holds transcription factors inactive → prevents transcription until growth signal arrives

23
Q

pRB is involved with which checkpoint?

A

G1/S checkpoint

24
Q

Growth signals cause transcription of?

A

Cyclins D, A and B

25
Q

CDK stands for?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinase

26
Q

CDK forms complex with?

A

Cyclin D

27
Q

CDK-cyclin D complex does what?

A

Phosphorylates pRB

28
Q

Phosphorylation of pRB does what?

A

Releases transcription factors

29
Q

Released transcription factors do what?

A

Induce transcription of proteins → necessary for duplication of chromosomes (S-phase)

30
Q

If cell senses injury, it will transcribe?

A

p53

31
Q

p53 function

A
  1. Halts cell cycle

2. Induces transcription of repair enzymes

32
Q

How does p53 halt cell cycle?

A

Prevents growth signal from activating transcription of cyclins

33
Q

What occurs during interphase?

A
  1. Duplication of centrosome

2. Duplication of decondensed chromosomes in nucleus

34
Q

What occurs during mitosis?

A

Chromosomes condense with 2 sister chromatomes

35
Q

Nuclear envelope during mitosis

A

Intact

36
Q

Prometaphase

A
  1. Nuclear envelope fragmented

2. Chromosome in active motion

37
Q

Metaphase

A

Kinetechores of all chromosomes align in mindle

Spindle poles start to move toward ends

38
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle poles move daughter chromosomes apart

39
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelope begins to reassemble

40
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  1. Completed nuclear envelope surrounds decondensing chromosomes
  2. Contractile ring creating cleavage furrow
41
Q

Phases of cell cycle

A
  1. G(0)
  2. G1
  3. S
  4. G2
  5. M
42
Q

G1 = ?

A

Gap: growing phase

43
Q

S = ?

A

DNA synthesis

44
Q

G = ?

A

Gap: growing phase

45
Q

M = ?

A

Mitosis: nuclear and cellular division

Physiology Exam 4 (10 decks)

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