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Bio 2 > Cell Division And The Cell Cycle Slides 1-19 > Flashcards

Cell Division And The Cell Cycle Slides 1-19 Flashcards

1
Q

Aspects of asexual reproduction

A

Offspring identical to the original cell or organism (clone)
One parent
No sperm or Egg

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2
Q

Aspects of sexual reproduction

A

Variations from parents
Involves 2 parents
Fusion of gametes and egg and sperm
Meiosis

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3
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A 
DNA found in nucleus 
DNA made up of chromosomes 
Cell division- Mitosis 
Multi-cellular 
More complex (human carries 25,000 genes)
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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A 
Reproduce by Binary Fission 
Single cell (unicellular) 
DNA floats in cytoplasm 
DNA strand (coiled/circular) 
No nucleus 
Less complex (bacteria carries 3,000 genes)
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5
Q

Define binary fission

A

Reproduces prokaryotes Cells by dividing in half

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6
Q

Steps of binary fission

A
  1. Chromosome duplicates, copies separate
  2. Cell continues to elongate, copies move apart
  3. Membrane grows inward to divide the cells
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7
Q

What is the name of the protein that helps DNA condense into chromosomes?

A

Histones

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8
Q

During what phase do chromosomes become condensed?

A

Metaphase

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9
Q

Describe how the DNA of chromatin becomes condensed.

A

The chromatin is wrapped around a complex histones

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10
Q

What are eukaryotic Cells composed of?

A

Chromatin

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11
Q

What is chromatin made up of?

A

DNA and proteins called histones

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cell division steps

A
  1. Cell duplicates all its chromosomes
  2. When cell divides sister chromatids separate
  3. Once sedated each chromatid is called a chromosome
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13
Q

What are the two copies of a chromosome called?

A

Chromatid

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14
Q

What do sister chromatids contain?

A

Incentivar copies of the dna molecule

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15
Q

Where are chromatids joined at?

A

The centromere

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16
Q

What is the basis of reproduction for every organism?

A

Cell division

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17
Q

What does cell division enable?

A

Multicellular organisms grow to adult size

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18
Q

What does cell division help to replace?

A

Worn out or damaged cells

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19
Q

What does cell division keep consistent?

A

The total number of cells in a mature organism

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20
Q

How big apart of the cell cycle is mitosis?

A

A small fraction of the cell cycle

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21
Q

Define the cell cycle

A

An order sequence of events that lead to cell division

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22
Q

What are the two states of the cell cycle?

A 
Interphase (90%) 
Mitotic phase (10%)
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23
Q

What are the parts of interphase?

A

G1, S and G2

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24
Q

What is interphase?

A

Duplication of cell contents

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25
G1
Growth, increase in cytoplasm
26
S
Duplication of chromosomes
27
G2
Growth, preparation for division
28
Mitotic Phase
Division
29
What are the parts of the mitotic phase?
Mitosis | Cytokinesis
30
Mitosis
Division of the nucleus
31
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
32
Stages of mitosis
``` Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
33
Control points where signals regulate the cell cycle
Checkpoints
34
What are the checkpoints
G1 G2 M
35
What is the G1 checkpoint
Allows entry into the S phase or causes the cell to leave the cycle entering a nondividing G0 phase
36
What types of cells go int G0 phase
Nerve and muscle cells
37
What makes precancerous cells different from normal cells
Precancerous Cell follow own directions, regular cells usually grow, die and reproduce, cancerous cells divide more often then a regular cells, uncontrollable
38
How do cancer cells move to a new location
Cancer cells move through the blood stream to new locations
39
What are the four stages of the cell cycle
G1(Mose important checkpoint) S(synthesis) G2 Mitosis
40
During which phase do cells divide
Mitosis
41
In normal cells cell division is precisely controlled by ______________
Internal clocks
42
What genes are accelerators of cell division
Protooncogenes
43
What genes are the breaks of cells division
Tumor suppressors
44
What is controlled
Cell division
45
What does controlled cell division allow for
Normal growth and development of tissues
46
What happens if cell division doesn’t have control
They can divide excessively
47
What can excessive cell division cause
Invasion of normal fussed of the body
48
Cancer cells divide in the absence of _________
Growth factors
49
How do cancer cells spread to other tissues
Circulatory System
50
What forms when growth is not inhibited by other cells
Tumors
51
Benign tumors
Remain at the original site
52
Malignant tumors
Spread to other locations by metastasis
53
Cancer treatments
Surgery (localized)-> can damage surrounding tissues radiation (localized) -> kills all cells in area Chemotherapy (spread)-> kills all cells
54
External/internal body coverings
Carcinomas
55
Supportive and connective tissues
Sarcomas
56
Blood forming tissues
Leukemia’s and lymphomas
57
Somatic Cells
Body cells Includes all the cells in body except egg and sperm Human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes Somatic chromosomes have pairs of homologous chromosomes (one from each parent)
58
Autosomes
Same size and genetic composition | Except for sex chromosomes (XandY differ and size and genetic composition)
59
How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have
One pair
60
Diploid Cells
Have 2 homologous sets of chromosomes (somatic cells)
61
Haploid Cells
Have one set of chromosomes (gametes)
62
Gametes
Egg and sperm have haploid (n) chromosome number
63
Zygote
Has diploid (2n) chromosomes number, one set from each parent
64
Zygote can develop into multi cellular adult during
Mitosis
65
Creates gamete
Meiosis
66
Karyotype
An ordered display of magnified images of an individuals chromosomes arranged in pairs, abnormalities can be detected by this, shown as condensed and doubled
67
What can be found from karyotype?
Sex | Abnormalities
68
How many chromosomes are organized into how many pairs in human?
46 into 23 pairs
69
Autosomes are numbered from what to what in humans
1-22 | Sex chromomosems are 23
70
What shows band patterns
Stained chromosomes
71
Female
XX
72
Male
XY
73
What is the cause of Down syndrome
Trisomy 21 | 3 copies on 21 chromosome
74
Nondisjunction
Failure or chromosomes or chromatids to separate during meiosis

Bio 2 (9 decks)

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