cell genetic material duplication

Question 1

nucleotides are the _______ of nucleic acids

Answer 1

building blocks

Question 2

what does DNA stand for

Answer 2

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 3

what does RNA stand for

Answer 3

ribonucleic acid

Question 4

what are nucleic acids made of

Answer 4

4 nucleotides

Question 5

what are nucleotides composed of

Answer 5

base, sugar and a phosphate group

Question 6

how do nucleotides make nucleic acid

Answer 6

by linking to eachother

Question 7

growth of a nucleic acid from its monomers occurs where?

Answer 7

5’ (phosphate) to 3’ (hydroxyl) direction

Question 8

what do hydrogen bonds between bases hold together?

Answer 8

2 DNA strands

Question 9

how are hydrogen bonds formed

Answer 9

purine and pyrimidines bases (complementary base pairing)

Question 10

van der Waals forces occur??

Answer 10

between adjacent bases on same strand

Question 11

the 2 strands of DNA are

Answer 11

antiparallel

Question 12

what makes the backbone of DNA

Answer 12

phosphate and sugar molecules

Question 13

what does each sugar-phosphate backbone have?

Answer 13

5’ phosphate and a 3’ hydroxyl (OH) group (opposite directions)

Question 14

what shape is DNA

Answer 14

double right-handed helix

Question 15

what does the coiling of DNA strands create

Answer 15

two grooves (exposed to major and minor grooves)

Question 16

3 models for DNA replication

Answer 16

semiconservative replication
conservative replication
dispersive replication

Question 17

what is each daughter DNA double helix composed of?

Answer 17

one conserved strand and one newly synthesized strand

Question 18

when does DNA replication proceeds by

Answer 18

complementary base-pairing

Question 19

what acts as a template for its own duplication?

Answer 19

DNA

Question 20

DNA synthesis (growth) occurs in which direction

Answer 20

5’ to 3’

Question 21

what are the 4 nucleotides

Answer 21

dATP, dTTP, dCTP, dGTP

Question 22

when does DNA replication start at

Answer 22

ori

Question 23

when does DNA synthesis begin

Answer 23

begins at replication origins (creates 2 Y-shaped junctions=replication forks)

synthesis of short of sequences of RNA

Question 24

short sequences name?

Answer 24

RNA primers

Question 25

RNA primers are synthesized by

Answer 25

primase (RNA polymerase)

Question 26

what elongates the RNA primer

Answer 26

DNA polymerase elongates

Question 27

what does DNA helices use?

Answer 27

uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind and separate strands

Question 28

what does sliding DNA clamp increase?

Answer 28

efficiency of DNA polymerization

Question 29

the two newly synthesized DNA strands are of opposite polarities on what

Answer 29

replication forks

Question 30

what occurs at both DNA strands?

Answer 30

one strand = synthesized continuously (leading strand) other strand = synthesized discontinuously (lagging strand)

Question 31

DNA ligase joins ________ fragments together

Answer 31

okazaki

Question 32

what does telomerase do?

Answer 32

replicate ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

Question 33

duplicated chromosomes ________ at ________ and _________

Answer 33

segregate, mitosis and meiosis

Question 34

metaphase

Answer 34

parent cell (2n) --> meiosis 1 prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 meiosis 2

Question 35

mitosis

Answer 35

prophase metaphase anaphase 2 daughter cells