module 2 - cell structure and varieties

Question 1

what is the range of measurements in diameter of a cell, prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 1

cell: 1-100 um
pro: 0.2-2 um
euk: 10-100 um

Question 2

what does the cell surface area determine?

Answer 2

amount of substances entering and exiting the cell

Question 3

to function, cells must maintain what ratio?

Answer 3

large surface area to volume

Question 4

who came up with the microscope?

Answer 4

Robert hooke

Question 5

Mathias shleiden and Theodor Schwann worked on?

Answer 5

animal and plant tissues

Question 6

what are light microscopes?

Answer 6

allows to see cell sizes and shapes and some internal structures

Question 7

different types of light microscopes?

Answer 7

compound, stereo, digital, fluoroscent, inverted, automated

Question 8

what are the 7 different types of microscopy?

Answer 8

1. bright-field
2. phase-contrast microscopy
3. differential interference-contrast microscopy
4. stained bright-field microscopy
5. fluorescence microscopy
6. confocal microscopy
7. electron microscopy

Question 9

what is bright-field microscopy?

Answer 9

a light passes through cells

Question 10

what is phase-contrast microscopy?

Answer 10

contrast is increased and enhances light and dark regions in one cell

Question 11

what is DIC microscopy?

Answer 11

cell is casting a shadow by 2 beams of light

Question 12

what is stained BF microscopy?

Answer 12

stain enhances contrast and reveals details

Question 13

what is fluorescense microscopy

Answer 13

fluorescent dye binds to specific cell material and is stimulated by beam of light

Question 14

what is confocal microscopy?

Answer 14

focuses stimulated and emitted light so single plane through cell is seen

Question 15

what is electron microscopy

Answer 15

directs electrons through a vacuum at fluorescent screen or digital camera to create a visible image (dead cells only)

Question 16

what are the types of electron microscopy?

Answer 16

transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Question 17

TEM?

Answer 17

beam of electrons is focused on object by magnets

Question 18

SEM?

Answer 18

electrons are directed to surface of sample and other electrons are emittede

Question 19

everything in cell (except nucleus) has what?

Answer 19

cytoplasm

Question 20

every cell is bounded by a???

Answer 20

cell membrane

Question 21

prokaryotes have no?

Answer 21

nucleus to any other membrane enclosed internal components

Question 22

eukaryotes have??

Answer 22

organellesw

Question 23

which domains are prokaryotes?

Answer 23

archaea and eubacteria

Question 24

gram + bacteria is?

Answer 24

thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer lipid membrane

Question 25

gram - bacteria?

Answer 25

thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer lipid membrane

Question 26

what does wall structure affect in a prokaryote cell?

Answer 26

affect cell's ability to retain crystal violet stain used in the gram staining procedure

Question 27

what do prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 27

CNCRCFPF cell membrane, nuceloid, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, flagella, pili, fijmbraie

Question 28

what is cytoskeleton for?

Answer 28

filamentous proteinsw

Question 29

what is flagella for ??

Answer 29

mobility, adhesion and invasion (hair)

Question 30

what is pili for?

Answer 30

genetic exchange

Question 31

what is fimbriae for

Answer 31

contact and adhesion

Question 32

what does animal cell have

Answer 32

colourful cells reveal many natural structures, growing continously CCRMNSGC

Question 33

what doe plant cells ahve

Answer 33

everything of animal + cute cats play nice piano

Question 34

what does endomembrane system include?

Answer 34

cell membrane, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomesr

Question 35

rough end ??

Answer 35

protein synthesis

Question 36

smooth?

Answer 36

lipid and ion storage

Question 37

Golgi apparatus

Answer 37

adds carbs to proteins

Question 38

type of plastids

Answer 38

chloroplasts and leucoplasts

Question 39

vacuols

Answer 39

storage component

Question 40

ribosomes

Answer 40

protein syntehses

Question 41

how did eukaryotic cells evolve?

Answer 41

nuclear membranes and ER evolved thru invagination of plasma membrane mitochondria are ancient prokaryote chloroplasts from endosymbiosis (ability to photosynthesize)

Question 42

what are the evolutionary advantages of compartmentalization?

Answer 42

chemicals can be concentrated for chemical reactions, biochemical process for more conditions, DNA transcription for more opportunities