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Patho > Cell Growth And Neoplasia > Flashcards

Cell Growth And Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the results of Cellular Adaptation?

A 
-Atrophy
Hypertrophic (inc. in size)
-Hyperplasia (inc. #)
-Metaplasia
-Dysplasia
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2
Q

The replacement of adult cells to another TYPE of cell that can be reversed is called _____?

A

Metaplasia

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3
Q

What is an example of Dysplasia, deranged cell growth of a specific tissue?

A

Crevical epithelial cells growing into cancer cells

-Dysplasia is only in epithelial cells

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4
Q

What are sources of intracellular accumulations?

A
  1. Normal body substances (triglycerides produced at a rate that exceeds removal —> fatty liver disease)
  2. Abnormal endogenous products
    (Inborn errors of metabolism/ genetic defect OR accumulation of pigments)
  3. Exogenous Products (environmental agents)
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5
Q

How do inborn errors of metabolism result in intracellular accumulations? For example Tay Sach disease?

A
  • abnormal lipids accumulate in the the brain —> motor and mental deterioration
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6
Q

Explain how dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification are different?

A

Dystrophic: in injured, dead or dying tissue

Metastatic: in normal tissue
-calcium levels increase secondary to disease (cancer, hyperparathyroid, pagers, excess CA++ ingestion)

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7
Q

What are 3 mechanisms of cellular injury?

A
  1. Free radical formation
  2. Hypoxica/ ischemia —> ATP depletion
  3. Disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis.
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8
Q

Explain pathological conditions leading to free radical formation?

A
  1. Ionizing ration (bombs, CA treatment)
  2. Inflammation (trauma/ electrical forces)
  3. Metals
  4. Drugs and chemicals (ex: acetomenophen —> inc. P450 metabolism —> inc. free radicals
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9
Q

What are the bodies defenses against free radicals?

A
  1. Antioxidants: donate electrons to unstable free radicals to make stable
  2. Metal carrier proteins: transferrants bind to metals
  3. Enzymes: (-tase) bind to electrons. Hopefully reverse oxidative modifications of proteins
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10
Q

Explain how hypoxia cell injury can lead to irreversible cellular injury OR oxidative stress?

A
  1. Hypoxia —> injury —> deprivation of oxygen —> decrease generation of ATP —> swelling —> if untreated —> irreversible cellular injury
  2. Hypoxia —> Injury —> repair —> flood with O2 —> oxidative stress —> oxygen free radicals —> affects protein synthesis
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11
Q

How do cells lose protein syntheses through hypoxic cell injury?

A
  1. Injury —> dec. ATP b/c of dec. mitochondrial action —> sodium potassium pump stops working —> more NA into the cell —> more H2O follows —> cells swell —> “bleb” —> rough ER swells —> DEC. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
  2. Injury —> hypoxia —> anaerobic glycolysis —> inc. lactic acid —> DENATURING OF PROTEINS
  3. Injury —> dec. ATP —> dec calcium pump —> dec activation of enzymes
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12
Q

Which types of cell injury are reversible?

A
  1. Cellular swelling ( Na+/K+ ATPase pump)

2. Fatty changes

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13
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Apoptosis - planned for cells that are ineffective, damaged, worn out
Phagocytized

Necrosis- unplanned in living person
Gangrene = large amount of necrotic tissue

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14
Q

Dry gangrene vs wet gangrene?

A

DRY: dry, shrinks —> dark brown or black —> slowly spreads

WET: infection —> cold, swollen, pulse less —> moist black w/ tension —> liquefaction —> odor —> spread is rapid

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15
Q

What are treatments of gangrene?

A

Surgical debridement

Amputation

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16
Q

What are characteristics of cell differentiation?

A
  • orderly steps
  • more specialized = less differentiated
  • more specialized neurons unable to divide and reproduce
  • parent cells can continue to divide and reproduce
17
Q

What are characteristics of cancer?

A
  • disordered differentiation and growth
  • uncoordinated and autonomous growth (no growth factor)
  • no regulatory controls over growth or division (rate)
18
Q

Which type of neoplasm resembles cells in tissue of origin, progresses at a slow rate, and does not spread by metastasis into surrounding tissue?

A

Benign

19
Q

How do malignant neoplasms metastasize?

A

Primary solid tumor grows —> cells detach —> invade surrounding tissue —> enter blood and lymph systems —> spread to distant sites

20
Q

What is the process of angiogenesis?

A

Normal cells —> Dysplasia —> neoplasia —> invasive neoplasia ( new blood vessels created to feed) —> angiogenesis (into blood stream)

21
Q

What are cancer cell characteristics?

A
  1. Anaplasia: cant change/ differentiate in cancerous tissue
  2. Pleomorpism: various size and shape
  3. Genetic instability: lots of mutations
  4. No growth factors
  5. Grow rampantly w/o density-dependent inhibition (no spatial considerations)
  6. Don’t stick together & shed
  7. Multiply w/o attachements (anchorage), survive in micro environments
  8. Impaired cell to cell communication
  9. Immortal
  10. Antigen expression - foreign markers
  11. Change cytoskeleton to facilitate metastasis
  12. Produce substances others do not
22
Q

How is CA spread?

A
  1. Direct invasion
  2. Seeding into body cavities
  3. Through blood or lymph pathways
23
Q

What are 2 reasons for CA causing genes?

A
  1. Single nucleotide base change —> Mutation of normal genes

2. Loss of tumor suppressor gene —> unregulated growth begins

24
Q

Carcinogensis pathway:

Initiation: susceptible to malignant transformation

Promotion: accelerated growth

_____?

A

Progression

-promotes invasive ness, metastasis, autonomous growth, inc. genetic instability

25
Q

What oncogenes viruses can lead to CA?

A

HPV

Epstein Barr

Hep- B

Human Herpesvirus-8

26
Q

What are nursing clinical manifestations of cancer?

A
  1. Impaired tissue integrity (effusions, ulceration, necrosis, compressed BV, hemorrhage)
  2. Anorexia & chachexia
  3. Fatigue and sleep disorders
  4. Anemia
27
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes that have inappropriate hormone relapse —> circulating factors that produce hematopoietic, neurological, and dermatological syndromes?

A
  • SIADH

- Neophrotic Syndrome

28
Q

How are tumors rated?

A

Grading: cellular characteristics
1 = confined to original place ——> 4 = metastatic

Staging: clinical spread grouped by extent of disease

Patho (2 decks)

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