Cell Injory

Question 1

Define general pathology

Answer 1

Study of diseases that arise from alteration of molecules (gens , proteins and others ) and influence the survival and behavior of normal cell

Question 2

What are the classification of diseases

Answer 2

Genetic diseases
Congenital diseases
Infective diseases 
Inflammatory diseases 
Neoplastic diseases 
Vascular diseases
Metabolic disorders
Iatrogenic diseases 
Degenerative diseases

Question 3

Diseases with unknown cause described as ?

Answer 3

Idiopathic , cryptogenic , essential

Question 4

Cellular adaptation is reversible in ?

Answer 4

Size , number, phenotype, function

Question 5

Define cell injury

Answer 5

It is morphological and biological change in the cytoplasm and nucleus associated with specific stress or damage of cell of specific tissue

Question 6

When does cell injury occurs ?

Answer 6

When the cell is :
Stressed severely and fail to adapt
Exposed to inherently damaging agent
Suffering from intrinsic abnormality

Question 7

When dose the cell injury become irreversible?

Answer 7

When the stress is :
Sever
Persistent
Rapid in onset

Question 8

What happens after irreversible cell injury?

Answer 8

The cell under goes necrosis and apoptosis or die

Question 9

Mention the causes of cell injury

Answer 9

Hypoxia and ischemia
Toxins and chemical agents 
Physical agents 
Infections
Nutritional defects and imbalances 
Genetically defects and chromosomal abnormalities 
Aging
Immunological reactions

Question 10

What is the most common cause of cell injury ?

Answer 10

Hypoxia

Question 11

What is the most common cause of hypoxia?

Answer 11

Ischemia

Question 12

What is the difference bt hypoxia and ischemia ?

Answer 12

Hypoxia itis low amount of oxygen in blood

Ischemia : low blood supply into tissues

Question 13

How does the cell deal with hypoxia?

Answer 13

Activate the compensatory mechanisms that induced by transcription factors of hypoxia inducible factor 1

Question 14

What is the action of HIF-1 ?

Answer 14

Stimulating the synthesis of several proteins that help the cell survive in the face of low oxygen

Question 15

E.G the proteins induced by HIF-1 and their action ?

Answer 15

Vascular endothelial growth factor (generate new vessels )
Other proteins help in :
Stimulate glucose uptake and glycolysis
Inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

How does glycolysis produce ATP in absence of oxygen ?

Answer 16

By anaerobic glycolysis using glucose from the circulation or hydrolysis of glycogen

Question 17

What are the causes of hypoxia?

Answer 17

Ischemia
Hypoxemia
Decrease oxygen carry capacity

Question 18

What are the causes of ischemia?

Answer 18

Decrease arterial blood flow (due to Atherosclerosis )
Decrease Venus drainage (due to Venus abstraction )
Shock
Increase tissue demand

Question 19

What is the difference bt hypoxia and hypoxemia ?

Answer 19

Hypoxia : low oxygen
Hypoxemia : low partial pressure of oxygen in arteries
Pao2<60

Question 20

FAO2
PAO2
SaO2

Answer 20

Partial pressure of oxygen in :
Air
Alveoli
RBCs

Question 21

What cause hypoxemia?

Answer 21

Hypoventilation

Perfusion defects

Question 22

How oxygen carry capacity decrease?

Answer 22

Anemia (decrease RBCs mass)
Co poisoning
Methemoglobinemia (iron)

Question 23

What is the classic finding of co poisoning ?

Answer 23

Cherry red appearance skin

Question 24

What is the early sign of cherry red appearance skin and what happens if
Increase ?

Answer 24

Headache

Coma or death

Question 25

Describe co poisoning and methemoglobinemia

Answer 25

Co poisoning : carbon monoxide bind to hemoglobin more aVidly the oxygen Methemoglobinemia: iron bind to fe+3 instead of fe+2

Question 26

What is the classic finding of methemoglobinemia?

Answer 26

Cyanosis -chocolate color blood

Question 27

Treatment of cyanosis?

Answer 27

Intervenes methylene blue

Question 28

What is the mechanisms of chemical agent ?

Answer 28

Altering : Membrane permeability Isomatic homeostasis Integrity of enzymes

Question 29

The consequences of ATP depletion ?

Answer 29

- Decrease the activity of ATP dependent sodium pumps (accumulation of sodium intercellular and efflux potassium ) - compensatory increases anaerobic glycolysis and increase lactic acidosis and decrease PH and decrease the activity of many cellular enzymes - structural disruption of protein synthesis apparatus (detachment of ribosomes and dissociate of polysomes into monosomes with consequent reduction in protein synthesis ) - damage of mitochondrial membrane and lysosome and the cell undergoes necrosis

Question 30

What is the mechanisms of genetic defects ?

Answer 30

- Deficiency in functional proteins - Variation in genetic makeup (influence the susceptibility of cell injury by chemicals of environmental insults ) - Genetic aberration (pathological changes )

Question 31

What pathological changes done by genetic aberration?

Answer 31

Conspicuous as congenital malformation (down syndrome ) Subtle as single amino acid substitution (sickle cell anemia )