An example of hypertrophy would be (a) liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (b) breast development at puberty (c) the uterus during pregnancy (d) the uterus during menstruation (e) a papillomavirus induced skin wart

(c) the uterus during pregnancy (an example of hormonal hyperplasia and hypertrophy) (a) liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (compensatory hyperplasia) (b) breast development at puberty (hormonal hyperplasia) (d) the uterus during menstruation (atrophy) (e) a papillomavirus induced skin wart (pathological hyperplasia)

2. Hypertrophy (a) occurs after partial hepatectomy (b) increases function of an organ exponentially (c) is triggered by mechanical and trophic chemicals (d) occurs after denervation (e) is usually pathological

(c) is triggered by mechanical and trophic chemicals (eg progestrogen, and foetal growth effects on the uterus) (a) occurs after partial hepatectomy (hyperplasia) (b) increases function of an organ exponentially (wrong) (d) occurs after denervation (atrophy) (e) is usually pathological (WRONG - exercise induced hypertrophy, pregnancy)

3. Which of the following is an example of hypertrophy (2000) (a) increased liver size after partial hepatectomy (b) increased size of the female breast at puberty (c) increased respiratory epithelium seen in vitamin A deficiency (d) increased size of the uterus in pregnancy (e) endometrial development in readiness for ovum implantation

(d) increased size of the uterus in pregnancy (both hyperplasia & hypertrophy) (a) increased liver size after partial hepatectomy (hyperplasia) (b) increased size of the female breast at puberty (hyperplasia) (c) increased respiratory epithelium seen in vitamin A deficiency (metaplasia) (e) endometrial development in readiness for ovum implantation (hyperplasia)

Metaplasia a) Is irreversible. b) Is commonly a change from squamous to columnar epithelium. c) An example is the transformation of epithelial cells into chondroblasts. d) Retinoids may play a role e) Even if the stimuli is persistent it is a benign lesion.

d) Retinoids may play a role a) Is irreversible. (Opposite - can be reversed) b) Is commonly a change from squamous to columnar epithelium. (Occurs in Barrett’s esophagus, but the opposite is true in respiratory metaplasia following smoking) c) An example is the transformation of epithelial cells into chondroblasts. (The change occurs in stem cells. Mature cells can not change from one type to another) e) Even if the stimuli is persistent it is a benign lesion. (May be malignant (eg increased risk of adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s))

Hyperplasia a) Occurs after partial hepatectomy b) Refers to an increase in the size of the cells. c) Is always pathological. d) Often occurs in cardiac and skeletal muscle e) Usually progresses to cancerous proliferation.

a) Occurs after partial hepatectomy b) Refers to an increase in the size of the cells. (Number) c) Is always pathological. (May be physiological or pathological) d) Often occurs in cardiac and skeletal muscle. (Only occurs in cells capable of dividing, which muscles are not) e) Usually progresses to cancerous proliferation. (Tightly regulated to prevent this)

Metaplasia is seen in all of the following EXCEPT: a) Respiratory epithelium of smokers b) Vitamin A excess. c) Barrett’s oesophagitis d) Epithelium of a pancreatic duct containing stones e) Foci of cell injury

b) Vitamin A excess. (Vit A deficiency) a) Respiratory epithelium of smokers c) Barrett’s oesophagitis d) Epithelium of a pancreatic duct containing stones e) Foci of cell injury

Anaplasia is not characterized by a) Pleomorphism b) Abundant nuclear DNA c) A nuclear : cytoplasm of 1 : 6 d) Coarsely clumped chromatin e) Lack of differentiation

c) A nuclear : cytoplasm of 1 : 6 Anaplasia is a loss of differentiation of cells a) Pleomorphism b) Abundant nuclear DNA d) Coarsely clumped chromatin e) Lack of differentiation

metaplasia a) is an increase in the number and size of cells in a tissue. b) is the process that occurs in Barrett’s oesophagitis c) is typically an irreversible process. d) in the respiratory tract preserves mucous secretion. e) can be caused by Vit B12 deficiency.

b) is the process that occurs in Barrett’s oesophagitis a) is an increase in the number and size of cells in a tissue. (Change from one mature cell type to another) c) is typically an irreversible process. (Reversible) d) in the respiratory tract preserves mucous secretion. (Columnar -\> squamous cells so less mucus secretion) e) can be caused by Vit B12 deficiency. (Vitamin A deficiency)

Metaplasia a) Involves an adaptive response of individual cells. b) In Barrett’s oesophagitis, involves a change from columnar to squamous cells. c) Involves a neoplastic transformation of stem cells. d) Vit A deficiency suppresses respiratory epithelial keratinisation e) Is reversible

e) Is reversible a) Involves an adaptive response of individual cells. (Stem cells change their programming at a tissue level, individual cells themselves can not change) b) In Barrett’s oesophagitis, involves a change from columnar to squamous cells. (Opposite; squamous -\> columnar. respiratory tract is columnar to squamous) c) Involves a neoplastic transformation of stem cells. (Tightly regulated process (ie not neoplastic)) d) Vit A deficiency suppresses respiratory epithelial keratinisation

Regarding atrophy and hypertrophy a) hypertrophy refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue b) the phenotype of an individual cell may be altered in hypertrophy c) atrophy is always pathological. d) in the heart, trophic triggers are the only factors that cause hypertrophy e) the colour of brown atrophy is due to melanin pigmentation

b) the phenotype of an individual cell may be altered in hypertrophy a) hypertrophy refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue (size of cells) c) atrophy is always pathological. (Can be physiological or pathological) d) in the heart, trophic triggers are the only factors that cause hypertrophy (also mechanical / workload) e) the colour of brown atrophy is due to melanin pigmentation (lipofuscin deposition)

Metaplasia (2 CORRECT) a) Is usually a premalignant condition. b) Is due to genetic reprogramming of cells c) May be regulated by Vit B12. d) The most common type is from squamous to columnar epithelium. e) Is irreversible. f) does not occur in mesenchymal cells. g) may progress to cancer transformation h) is usually accompanied by hypertrophy

b) Is due to genetic reprogramming of cells g) may progress to cancer transformation a) Is usually a premalignant condition. (Can be but not “usually”) c) May be regulated by Vit B12. (Vitamin A) d) The most common type is from squamous to columnar epithelium. (Opposite) e) Is irreversible. (Reversible) f) does not occur in mesenchymal cells. (This is where it occurs) h) is usually accompanied by hypertrophy

hypertrophy a) occurs after partial hepatectomy. b) is triggered by mechanical and tropic chemicals c) increases function of an organ exponentially d) is usually pathological. e) occurs after denervation.

b) is triggered by mechanical and tropic chemicals a) occurs after partial hepatectomy. (Hyperplasia) c) increases function of an organ exponentially d) is usually pathological. (Tends to be physiological, but can be pathological) e) occurs after denervation. (This causes atrophy)

metaplasia is a) reversible change from one cell type to another b) irreversible change from one cell type to another c) reduced function of cell d) increase in the number of cells e) increase in the size and function of cells

a) reversible change from one cell type to another b) irreversible change from one cell type to another c) reduced function of cell d) increase in the number of cells (hyperplasia) e) increase in the size and function of cells (hypertrophy)

dysplasia a) is a feature of mesenchymal cells b) inevitable progresses to cancer c) is characterized by cellular pleomorphism d) is not associated with tissue architectural abnormalities e) is the same as carcinoma in situ

c) is characterized by cellular pleomorphism Pleomorphism is having more than 1 distinct form a) is a feature of mesenchymal cells b) inevitable progresses to cancer d) is not associated with tissue architectural abnormalities e) is the same as carcinoma in situ

regarding atrophy, which is false: a) persistence of residual bodies b) decrease in myofilaments c) decrease rough ER d) decreased autophagic vacuoles e) decreased smooth ER

d) decreased autophagic vacuoles a) persistence of residual bodies b) decrease in myofilaments c) decrease rough ER e) decreased smooth ER

Which of the following is an example of hypertrophy a) Increase in liver size after a partial hepatectomy b) Increase in the size of the female breast c) Increase respiratory epithelium in response to vitamin A deficiency d) increase in size of the female uterus in pregnancy e) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts

d) increase in size of the female uterus in pregnancy a) Increase in liver size after a partial hepatectomy (hyperplasia) b) Increase in the size of the female breast (hyperplasia) c) Increase respiratory epithelium in response to vitamin A deficiency (hyperplasia) e) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts (hyperplasia)

examples of hyperplasia include a) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts b) change in respiratory tract epithelium from columnar to squamous c) increase in size of uterus in pregnancy d) increase cardiac myocyte size in response to increased load e) regression of embryonic structures

a) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts b) change in respiratory tract epithelium from columnar to squamous (metaplasia) c) increase in size of uterus in pregnancy (hypertrophy) d) increase cardiac myocyte size in response to increased load (hypertrophy) e) regression of embryonic structures (atrophy)

Regarding hyperplasia which statement is correct a) It is never seen in the same tissue as hypertrophy b) it is seen in cardiac muscle in hypoxic patients c) it is limited to cells capable of mitotic division d) it is rarely physiologic e) complete removal of excess hormone triggers will slow progression but not reverse hyperplastic changes

c) it is limited to cells capable of mitotic division a) It is never seen in the same tissue as hypertrophy (can co-exist) b) it is seen in cardiac muscle in hypoxic patients d) it is rarely physiologic (often physiological eg pubertal breast) e) complete removal of excess hormone triggers will slow progression but not reverse hyperplastic changes

Cell Injury ( 5% ) Flashcards by Michael Jordan

What is hyperplasia and give an example of pathological and physiological causes

An increase in cell numbers driven by trophies factors (ie growth hormones).

Physio - pubertal glandular breast tissue

Path - BPH in response to androgen excess

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An example of hypertrophy would be

(a) liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy
(b) breast development at puberty
(c) the uterus during pregnancy
(d) the uterus during menstruation
(e) a papillomavirus induced skin wart

(a) liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (compensatory hyperplasia)
(b) breast development at puberty (hormonal hyperplasia)
(d) the uterus during menstruation (atrophy)
(e) a papillomavirus induced skin wart (pathological hyperplasia)

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Hypertrophy

(a) occurs after partial hepatectomy
(b) increases function of an organ exponentially
(c) is triggered by mechanical and trophic chemicals
(d) occurs after denervation
(e) is usually pathological

(a) occurs after partial hepatectomy (hyperplasia)
(b) increases function of an organ exponentially (wrong)
(d) occurs after denervation (atrophy)
(e) is usually pathological (WRONG - exercise induced hypertrophy, pregnancy)

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Which of the following is an example of hypertrophy (2000)

(a) increased liver size after partial hepatectomy
(b) increased size of the female breast at puberty
(c) increased respiratory epithelium seen in vitamin A deficiency
(d) increased size of the uterus in pregnancy
(e) endometrial development in readiness for ovum implantation

(d) increased size of the uterus in pregnancy

(both hyperplasia & hypertrophy)

(a) increased liver size after partial hepatectomy (hyperplasia)
(b) increased size of the female breast at puberty (hyperplasia)
(c) increased respiratory epithelium seen in vitamin A deficiency (metaplasia)
(e) endometrial development in readiness for ovum implantation (hyperplasia)

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Metaplasia

a) Is irreversible.
b) Is commonly a change from squamous to columnar epithelium.
c) An example is the transformation of epithelial cells into chondroblasts.
d) Retinoids may play a role
e) Even if the stimuli is persistent it is a benign lesion.

d) Retinoids may play a role

a) Is irreversible. (Opposite - can be reversed)
b) Is commonly a change from squamous to columnar epithelium. (Occurs in Barrett’s esophagus, but the opposite is true in respiratory metaplasia following smoking)
c) An example is the transformation of epithelial cells into chondroblasts. (The change occurs in stem cells. Mature cells can not change from one type to another)
e) Even if the stimuli is persistent it is a benign lesion. (May be malignant (eg increased risk of adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s))

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Hyperplasia

a) Occurs after partial hepatectomy
b) Refers to an increase in the size of the cells.
c) Is always pathological.
d) Often occurs in cardiac and skeletal muscle
e) Usually progresses to cancerous proliferation.

a) Occurs after partial hepatectomy

b) Refers to an increase in the size of the cells. (Number)
c) Is always pathological. (May be physiological or pathological)
d) Often occurs in cardiac and skeletal muscle. (Only occurs in cells capable of dividing, which muscles are not)
e) Usually progresses to cancerous proliferation. (Tightly regulated to prevent this)

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Metaplasia is seen in all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Respiratory epithelium of smokers
b) Vitamin A excess.
c) Barrett’s oesophagitis
d) Epithelium of a pancreatic duct containing stones
e) Foci of cell injury

b) Vitamin A excess. (Vit A deficiency)

a) Respiratory epithelium of smokers
c) Barrett’s oesophagitis
d) Epithelium of a pancreatic duct containing stones
e) Foci of cell injury

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Anaplasia is not characterized by

a) Pleomorphism
b) Abundant nuclear DNA
c) A nuclear : cytoplasm of 1 : 6
d) Coarsely clumped chromatin
e) Lack of differentiation

c) A nuclear : cytoplasm of 1 : 6

Anaplasia is a loss of differentiation of cells

a) Pleomorphism
b) Abundant nuclear DNA
d) Coarsely clumped chromatin
e) Lack of differentiation

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metaplasia

a) is an increase in the number and size of cells in a tissue.
b) is the process that occurs in Barrett’s oesophagitis
c) is typically an irreversible process.
d) in the respiratory tract preserves mucous secretion.
e) can be caused by Vit B12 deficiency.

b) is the process that occurs in Barrett’s oesophagitis

a) is an increase in the number and size of cells in a tissue. (Change from one mature cell type to another)
c) is typically an irreversible process. (Reversible)
d) in the respiratory tract preserves mucous secretion. (Columnar -> squamous cells so less mucus secretion)
e) can be caused by Vit B12 deficiency. (Vitamin A deficiency)

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Metaplasia

a) Involves an adaptive response of individual cells.
b) In Barrett’s oesophagitis, involves a change from columnar to squamous cells.
c) Involves a neoplastic transformation of stem cells.
d) Vit A deficiency suppresses respiratory epithelial keratinisation
e) Is reversible

e) Is reversible

a) Involves an adaptive response of individual cells. (Stem cells change their programming at a tissue level, individual cells themselves can not change)
b) In Barrett’s oesophagitis, involves a change from columnar to squamous cells. (Opposite; squamous -> columnar. respiratory tract is columnar to squamous)
c) Involves a neoplastic transformation of stem cells. (Tightly regulated process (ie not neoplastic))
d) Vit A deficiency suppresses respiratory epithelial keratinisation

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Regarding atrophy and hypertrophy

a) hypertrophy refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
b) the phenotype of an individual cell may be altered in hypertrophy
c) atrophy is always pathological.
d) in the heart, trophic triggers are the only factors that cause hypertrophy
e) the colour of brown atrophy is due to melanin pigmentation

b) the phenotype of an individual cell may be altered in hypertrophy

a) hypertrophy refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue (size of cells)
c) atrophy is always pathological. (Can be physiological or pathological)
d) in the heart, trophic triggers are the only factors that cause hypertrophy (also mechanical / workload)
e) the colour of brown atrophy is due to melanin pigmentation (lipofuscin deposition)

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Metaplasia (2 CORRECT)

a) Is usually a premalignant condition.
b) Is due to genetic reprogramming of cells
c) May be regulated by Vit B12.
d) The most common type is from squamous to columnar epithelium.
e) Is irreversible.
f) does not occur in mesenchymal cells.
g) may progress to cancer transformation
h) is usually accompanied by hypertrophy

b) Is due to genetic reprogramming of cells
g) may progress to cancer transformation

a) Is usually a premalignant condition. (Can be but not “usually”)
c) May be regulated by Vit B12. (Vitamin A)
d) The most common type is from squamous to columnar epithelium. (Opposite)
e) Is irreversible. (Reversible)
f) does not occur in mesenchymal cells. (This is where it occurs)
h) is usually accompanied by hypertrophy

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hypertrophy

a) occurs after partial hepatectomy.
b) is triggered by mechanical and tropic chemicals
c) increases function of an organ exponentially
d) is usually pathological.
e) occurs after denervation.

b) is triggered by mechanical and tropic chemicals

a) occurs after partial hepatectomy. (Hyperplasia)
c) increases function of an organ exponentially
d) is usually pathological. (Tends to be physiological, but can be pathological)
e) occurs after denervation. (This causes atrophy)

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metaplasia is

a) reversible change from one cell type to another
b) irreversible change from one cell type to another
c) reduced function of cell
d) increase in the number of cells
e) increase in the size and function of cells

a) reversible change from one cell type to another

b) irreversible change from one cell type to another
c) reduced function of cell
d) increase in the number of cells (hyperplasia)
e) increase in the size and function of cells (hypertrophy)

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dysplasia

a) is a feature of mesenchymal cells
b) inevitable progresses to cancer
c) is characterized by cellular pleomorphism
d) is not associated with tissue architectural abnormalities
e) is the same as carcinoma in situ

c) is characterized by cellular pleomorphism

Pleomorphism is having more than 1 distinct form

a) is a feature of mesenchymal cells
b) inevitable progresses to cancer
d) is not associated with tissue architectural abnormalities
e) is the same as carcinoma in situ

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regarding atrophy, which is false:

a) persistence of residual bodies
b) decrease in myofilaments
c) decrease rough ER
d) decreased autophagic vacuoles
e) decreased smooth ER

d) decreased autophagic vacuoles

a) persistence of residual bodies
b) decrease in myofilaments
c) decrease rough ER
e) decreased smooth ER

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Which of the following is an example of hypertrophy

a) Increase in liver size after a partial hepatectomy
b) Increase in the size of the female breast
c) Increase respiratory epithelium in response to vitamin A deficiency
d) increase in size of the female uterus in pregnancy
e) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts

d) increase in size of the female uterus in pregnancy

a) Increase in liver size after a partial hepatectomy (hyperplasia)
b) Increase in the size of the female breast (hyperplasia)
c) Increase respiratory epithelium in response to vitamin A deficiency (hyperplasia)
e) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts (hyperplasia)

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examples of hyperplasia include

a) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts
b) change in respiratory tract epithelium from columnar to squamous
c) increase in size of uterus in pregnancy
d) increase cardiac myocyte size in response to increased load
e) regression of embryonic structures

a) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts

b) change in respiratory tract epithelium from columnar to squamous (metaplasia)
c) increase in size of uterus in pregnancy (hypertrophy)
d) increase cardiac myocyte size in response to increased load (hypertrophy)
e) regression of embryonic structures (atrophy)

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Regarding hyperplasia which statement is correct

a) It is never seen in the same tissue as hypertrophy
b) it is seen in cardiac muscle in hypoxic patients
c) it is limited to cells capable of mitotic division
d) it is rarely physiologic
e) complete removal of excess hormone triggers will slow progression but not reverse hyperplastic changes

c) it is limited to cells capable of mitotic division

a) It is never seen in the same tissue as hypertrophy (can co-exist)
b) it is seen in cardiac muscle in hypoxic patients
d) it is rarely physiologic (often physiological eg pubertal breast)
e) complete removal of excess hormone triggers will slow progression but not reverse hyperplastic changes

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What is atrophy? What are the causes and give some examples

Decrease in the size and/or number of cells in a tissue.

Physio: regression of embryonic structures, postpartum uterus, disuse of muscles, aging

Path: de-innervation of muscles or disuse following a cast, poor perfusion or nutrition, pressure, loss of hormonal stimulation.

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What is tissue hypertrophy

What are some examples

Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells occurring in non-dividing cells in response to hormonal/trophic or workload stressors.

Physio: gravid uterus, skeletal/cardiac muscle

Path: heart failure

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How is hyperplasia different from hypertrophy

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells and occurs in cells-types that are capable of mitotic division.

Physio: GFs (pubertal breast) Tissue resection (liver after partial resection)

Path: hormone excess (eg BPH), certain viruses (HPV causing warts)

Hypertrophy is an increase in the cell size and results in phenotypic change. Occurs in non-dividing cells. Can occur due to GFs (uterus in pregnancy) or workload (cardiac or skeletal muscles)

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Describe different types of hyperplasia and an example of each

Physio: Trophic/GFs (pubertal breast) Tissue resection (liver after partial resection)

Path: hormone excess (eg BPH), certain viruses (HPV causing warts)

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In reversible cell injury all are true except:

a) ATP depletion is responsible for acute cellular swelling
b) Can cause myocardial cells to cease contraction within 60 seconds
c) ATP is generated anaerobically from creatine phosphate
d) Mitochondrial swelling and degranulation of ER are hallmarks of irreversible cellular injury.
e) Is associated with myelin figures

Study These Flashcards

d) Mitochondrial swelling and degranulation of ER are hallmarks of irreversible cellular injury.

(2 phenomena characterize irreversible cell damage: mito dysfunction even after removal of the stimulus, and profound disturbances in membrane function. These are essentially just extensions of the hallmark features of reversible cell injury, and the distinction between the 2 remains blurred)

ATP depletion causes less NaKATPase activity, so intracellular Na rises, which leads to swelling

Irreversible cell injury is characterized by * a) Dispersion of ribosomes * b) Cell swelling * c) Lysosomal rupture * d) Cell membrane defects * e) Nuclear chromatin clumping

d) Cell membrane defects Other characteristic is mitochondrial vacuolisation ?? the others can all occur in reversible injury. * a) Dispersion of ribosomes * b) Cell swelling * c) Lysosomal rupture * e) Nuclear chromatin clumping

Irreversible cell injury is characterized by * a) Loss of functional polarity in polarized epithelium * b) Detachment of ribosomes from ER * c) Acute cellular swelling * d) Severe mitochondrial vacuolization * e) Formation of membrane blebs

d) Severe mitochondrial vacuolization Other characteristic is severe cell membrane defects: Others can all occur in reversible injury * a) Loss of functional polarity in polarized epithelium * b) Detachment of ribosomes from ER * c) Acute cellular swelling * e) Formation of membrane blebs

features of reversible cell injury include all except * a) swelling of the cell * b) clumping of nuclear chromatin * c) autophagy by lysosomes * d) nuclear karyorrhexis * e) ribosomal dispersal

d) nuclear karyorrhexis (aka nuclear fragmentation, occurs in cell necrosis [irreversible injury]) * a) swelling of the cell * b) clumping of nuclear chromatin * c) autophagy by lysosomes * e) ribosomal dispersal

Irreversible cell injury is associated with * a) Clumping of chromatin * b) Endoplasmic swelling * c) Reduced oxidative phosphorylation * d) Profound membrane disturbance * e) Fatty change

d) Profound membrane disturbance Other characteristic is mitochondrial vacuolisation ?? the others can all occur in reversible injury. * a) Clumping of chromatin * b) Endoplasmic swelling * c) Reduced oxidative phosphorylation * e) Fatty change

4. Metapalsia * (a) can be caused by vitamin B12 deficiency * (b) preserves the mucus secretion in the respiratory tract * (c) is typically irreversible * (d) describes the underlying pathology of Barrett’s oesophagus * (e) is an increase in the number and size of cells in a tissue

(d) describes the underlying pathology of Barrett’s oesophagus

5. Hyperplasia is * (a) increase in the size of cells * (b) increase in the number of cells * (c) increase in the number of cellular organelles (d) increase in the size of the organ * (e) always pathological

(b) increase in the number of cells

6. Examples of hyperplasia include * (a) cardiac enlargement seen in hypertension * (b) fatty liver * (c) skeletal muscle enlargement with weightlifting * (d) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts * (e) none of the above

(d) glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts

7. Which of the following is not associated with atrophy? * (a) decreased smooth endoplasmic reticulum * (b) decreased rough endoplasmic reticulum * (c) decreased mitochondrial number * (d) lysosomal degradation of cellular components * (e) decreased autophagic vacuoles

(e) decreased autophagic vacuoles Increased

8. Regarding atrophy, all are correct except * (a) Persistence of residual bodies * (b) decreased microfilaments * (c) Decreased rough endoplasmic reticulum * (d) Decreased autophagic vacuoles * (e) Decreased smooth endoplasmic reticulum

(d) Decreased autophagic vacuoles Increased as parts of the cell are digested to reduce energy requirements

9. All the following are features of apoptosis except * (a) cell swelling * (b) chromatin condensation * (c) formation of cytoplasmic blebs * (d) lack of inflammation * (e) phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies

(a) cell swelling A feature of cell injury, not apoptosis

10. Irreversible cell injury is characterised by * (a) dispersion of ribosomes * (b) cell swelling * (c) nuclear chromatin clumping * (d) lysosomal rupture * (e) cell membrane defects

(e) cell membrane defects and mitochondrial vacuolisation others are also seen in reversible injury

11. Pinocytosis (2006) * (a) adds to the cell membrane * (b) is the uptake of small particulate matter * (c) is the vacuolisation of the cell * (d) involves the uptake of opsinised bacteria * (e) involves the uptake of soluble macromolecules

(e) involves the uptake of soluble macromolecules * (a) does _not_ to the cell membrane * (b) *phagocytosis* is the uptake of particulate matter * (c) is not vacuolisation of the cell * (d) *phagocytosis* involves the uptake of opsonised bacteria

12. Regarding fatty change, which statement is incorrect (p35-6) * (a) it may result from protein malnutrition * (b) it may result from anoxia * (c) it may result from diabetes mellitus * (d) fatty cells are seen sporadically in alcoholic fatty liver * (e) it can be seen in scattered hepatocytes in patients with hepatitis C

(d) fatty deposits are seen in *_all hepatocytes_* in alcoholic fatty liver Fatty change (steatosis) can be due to alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, anoxia (not anorexia), protein malnutrition, and diabetes. Can be completely reversible with abstention from alcohol. Not seen in hepatitis C

13. Fatty change (2004) * (a) occurs during protein malnutrition * (b) is not a feature of hypoxia * (c) is abnormal accumulations of free fatty acids in cells * (d) always impairs cellular function * (e) is sometimes physiological

a) occurs during protein malnutrition Fatty change describes abnormal accumulations of triglycerides within parenchymal cells Occurs in anoxia/hypoxia, protein malnutrition, alcoholism, protein deficiency

14. Dystrophic calcification * (a) is formed only in coagulative necrosis * (b) does not occur on heart valves * (c) rarely causes dysfunction * (d) is rarely found in mitochondria * (e) is formed by crystalline calcium phosphate material

(e) is formed by crystalline calcium phosphate material (and other calcium salts) * (a) is formed in liquefactive, caseus, or coagulative necrosis * (b) occurs on heart valves * (c) causes dysfunction in heart valve function * (d) is found in mitochondria of dead or dying cells

15. Metastatic calcification occurs in * (a) damaged heart valves * (b) old lymph nodes * (c) atherosclerotic lymph nodes * (d) gastric mucosa * (e) thyroid papillary cancer

(d) gastric mucosa Metastatic calcification principally affects tissues of the gastric mucosa, kidneys, lung, systemic arteries, and pulmonary veins. All these tissues excrete acid, and hence have an internal alkaline compartment predisposing to calcification All other examples are dystrophic calcificaion

16. Metastatic calcification includes (2006) * (a) calcific deposits throughout the body including gastric mucosa * (b) hip joint arthritis * (c) valvular calcification

(a) calcific deposits throughout the body including gastric mucosa

In apoptosis * a) It involves physiologic and pathologic stimuli * b) Histologically, it involves coagulation necrosis. * c) Its DNA breakdown is random and diffuse. * d) Its mechanism involves ATP depletion. * e) It involves an inflammatory tissue reaction.

a) It involves physiologic and pathologic stimuli * b) Histologically, it involves coagulation necrosis. (A subtype of necrosis, which is a different pathway to apoptosis) * c) Its DNA breakdown is random and diffuse. (Broken down into precise fragments 200 base pairs long) * d) Its mechanism involves ATP depletion. (Caspase activation is the hallmark mechanism. ATP depletion usually results in necrosis (if it progresses to irreversible cell injury)) * e) It involves an inflammatory tissue reaction. (Never)

Which is incorrect in regards to apoptosis * It may be regarded as a normal physiological process * It is characterized by chromatin condensation * It often elicits a strong inflammatory response * It is the process by which ovaries atrophy in post-menopausal women * It is characterized by cell shrinkage

It often elicits a strong inflammatory response

apoptosis * is usually stimulated by hypoxia. * produces a moderate degree of inflammation. * features chromatin aggregates * is the underlying process in caseous necrosis. * is stimulated by decreased cytosolic calcium.

features chromatin aggregates * is usually stimulated by hypoxia. (Hypoxia usually causes necrosis) * produces a moderate degree of inflammation. (No infl) * is the underlying process in caseous necrosis. (Necrosis is a different process) * is stimulated by decreased cytosolic calcium.( Increased cytosolic calcium could lead to apoptosis (or necrosis))

All of the following are morphological features of apoptosis except * Cell swelling * Chromatin condensation * Lack of inflammation * Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies * Formation of cytoplasmic blebs

Cell swelling. Cell shrinkage occurs in apoptosis Swelling occurs in necrosis due to membrane defects and ATPase failure

coagulative necrosis * results from necrosis in which cellular enzymatic digestion predominates over denaturation. * is characterized by marked WBC infiltrate * is uncommon after MI. * usually occurs after irreversible ischaemic cellular damage * is not usually seen in association with caseating necrosis

usually occurs after irreversible ischaemic cellular damage * results from necrosis in which *protein denaturation predominates over enzymatic digestion* * is characterized by *preservation of cell framework* * is *commonly seen in hypoxic/ischaemic injury (except for the brain which undergoes coagulative necrosis)* * is not usually seen in association with caseating necrosis

In necrosis * The nuclear changes are due to non specific breakdown of DNA * Karyolysis and pyknosis are the only 2 types of nuclear changes. * In caseous necrosis the basic outline of the cells is preserved. * There is a decrease in eosinophils in the necrotic cells * Liquefaction necrosis is characteristic of hypoxic injury.

The nuclear changes are due to non specific breakdown of DNA cf apoptosis which has precise breakdown into 200 base pair segments * Karyolysis (dissolved) and pyknosis (small) are the only 2 types of nuclear changes. (also Karyorrhexis - fragmented) * In caseous necrosis the basic outline of the cells is *replaced with amorphous cellular debris* * There is a*n increase* in eosinophils in the necrotic cells * Liquefaction necrosis is characteristic of *infections and strokes*. Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of hypoxic injury, and is characterised by preservation cell framework and protein denaturation

Coagulative necrosis * Is always reversible * Is characteristic of cell death in the CNS * Involves activation of an internally controlled suicide program * Includes caseous necrosis * Ends with the tissue as a liquid, viscous mass

Includes caseous necrosis * Is always reversible (never) * Is characteristic of cell death *due to hypoxia anywhere but the CNS (where is is liquefactive)* * Involves activation of an internally controlled suicide program (this is apoptosis) * Ends with the tissue as a liquid, viscous mass (coag nec results in preservation of cell framework)

Dystrophic calcification can be caused by * Sarcoidosis. * Multiple myeloma * Advanced renal failure * Advanced atherosclerosis. * All of the above

Advanced atherosclerosis. Others all cause metastatic calcification

dystrophic calcification * is formed only in coagulative necrosis * is formed by crystalline calcium phosphate mineral. Opposite is true for all other options * is rarely found in mitochondria * rarely causes organ dysfunction * does not occur on heart valves

is formed by crystalline calcium phosphate mineral. (calcium salts as fine white gritty granules) Is found in coagulative, caseous, or liquefactive necrosis Serum calcium normal in dystrophic calcification Often found in mitochondria Often causes damage to heart valves and other organ damage

Dystrophic calcification * Occurs in normal tissues * Is associated with hypercalcaemia * Is seen in vitamin D related disease * Occurs in atheromatous disease * May be a part of the milk alkali syndrome

Occurs in atheromatous disease

Metastatic calcification * Causes widespread tissue damage. * Occurs with normal calcium levels. * Can be caused by systemic sarcoidosis * Occurs in hypothyroidism. * Is caused by drinking large quantities of milk.

Can be caused by systemic sarcoidosis * Causes widespread tissue damage. (Widespread deposition but does not cause tissue damage unless severe) * Occurs with *elevated* calcium levels * Occurs in *hyperparathyroidism* * Is caused by drinking large quantities of milk. (Would not cause sufficient hypercalcaemia)

metastatic calcification occurs in * old LN * gastric mucosa * atherosclerotic vessels * damaged heart valve

gastric mucosa Others are all common sites of dystrophic calcification

Regarding metastatic calcification which statement is incorrect * Affects kidneys and lungs more than the liver * Is seen in organs that have a relatively alkaline compartment * Is initiated in the mitochondria * Occurs in normal tissues * Is often seen in the pulmonary veins

Is initiated in the mitochondria - wrong Primarily affects gastric mucosa, kidneys, lungs, systemic arteries, and pulmonary veins. All these organs secrete acid and so have an internal alkaline compartment

Which is correct * Hyperplasia constitutes an increase in the size of cells in an organ or tissue. * Transudate has a protein level of \<30g/dL, SG \<1.012 and an LDH \<200mmol/L * Apoptosis is reversible * Failure of Na/K ATPase membrane transport is an irreversible process. * Morphological changes evident of irreversible cell injury includes clumping of chromatin.

Transudate has a protein level of \<30g/dL, SG \<1.012 and an LDH \<200mmol/L * Hyperplasia constitutes an increase in the *number* of cells in an organ or tissue. * Apoptosis is *Irreversible* * Failure of Na/K ATPase membrane transport is a *reversible* process. * Morphological changes evident of irreversible cell injury *are mitochondrial vacuolisation and profound membrane disturbance*

Which is correct * Metaplasia is irreversible. * Fibronectin is produced by dying cells and may result in pigmentation * Reversibly injured cells are frequently shrunken and pyknotic. * Lipofuscin is a yellow-brown pigment seen typically after surgical procedures * Metastatic calcification refers to deposition of calcium within normal tissues

Metastatic calcification refers to deposition of calcium within normal tissues * Metaplasia is *Reversible* * Fibronectin is produced by dying cells and may result in pigmentation * Reversibly injured cells are usually *swollen*. Apoptotic cells may be shrunken. * Lipofuscin is a yellow-brown pigment seen *due to aging and wear/tear*

Cytosolic calcium in cell injury * Only enters by active transport. * Partially derives from mitochondria. * Increases ATP * Inactivates phospholipase. * Inactivates protease.

Partially derives from mitochondria. (Intracellular form of dystrophic calcification) * Only enters *due to a lack of active transport* * Increases ATP - wrong * *Activates* phospholipase. * *Activates* protease.

ischaemic injury * May be caused by any state of reduced oxygen delivery. * Is associated with an efflux of calcium and sodium. * Leads to reduced glycolysis in the cell. Increased due to lack of oxidative phosphorylation * Leads to cessation of cardiac muscle contraction in approx. 15 minutes of coronary occlusion * Usually results in a necrotic pattern of injury

Usually results in a necrotic pattern of injury * *Hypoxia refers to any state of reduced oxygen delivery; ischaemia also implies impaired blood flow so waste products are not removed* * Is associated with an *influx* of calcium and sodium. * Leads to *increased* glycolysis in the cell *due to lack of oxidative phosphorylation* * Leads to cessation of cardiac muscle contraction in approx. *60 seconds* of coronary occlusion

Regarding cell injury, mechanisms to inactivate free radical reactions involve * Superoxide * Glutathione peroxidase * Transition metals (iron and copper) * NO * UV light

Glutathione peroxidase An antioxidant

Cell Injury ( 5% ) Flashcards

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