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General Pathology > Cell Injury (General/Reversible) > Flashcards

Cell Injury (General/Reversible) Flashcards

1
Q

O2 deficiency, physical agents, infectious microbes, nutritional imbalances, genetic derangement, workload imbalance, chemicals/drugs/toxins, aging, and immunologic dysfunction are all causes of…

A

Cell injury

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2
Q

Acute cell swelling is ___________ cell injury

A

Reversible

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3
Q

Oncotic necrosis and apoptosis are both ______________ cell injury

A

Irreversible

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4
Q

What is cell injury?

A

Anything that disrupts cellular homeostasis

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5
Q

What are the 6 biochemical mechanisms activated by cell injury?

A
  • ATP depletion
  • Permeabilization of cell membranes
  • Mitochondrial damage
  • Loss of Ca homeostasis
  • Oxidative stress
  • Damage to DNA (usually irreversible)
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6
Q

What are the 3 types of responses to cell injury?

A
  • Degeneration (reversible)
  • Death (irreversible)
  • Adaptation (change to adapt to injury)
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7
Q

A state in which oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis

A

Hypoxia

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8
Q

Reduction of vascular perfusion

A

Ischemia

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9
Q

Inadequate oxygenation of blood may occur during…

A

Cardiac/respiratory failure

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10
Q

Anemia and carbon monoxide poisoning are associated with __________ O2 transport by RBCs

A

Reduced

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11
Q

Cyanide toxicosis ___________ the respiratory enzymes of a cell

A

Inhibits

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12
Q

What are some physical agents that cause cell injury?

A

Mechanical trauma, electric shock, temperature extremes (heat-stroke/frostbite)

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13
Q

Painful condition of the feet caused by long immersion in cold water or mud, and marked by blackening and death of surface tissue due to prolonged vasoconstriction

A
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14
Q

What are some infectious microbes that cause cell injury?

A
  • Bacteria (Endo/exotoxins)
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
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15
Q

A toxin released into blood circulation by a bacterial cell, leading to distant tissues being affected

A

Exotoxin

(Example: E. Coli)

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16
Q

A toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates

A

Endotoxin

(Example: Salmonella)

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17
Q

What are two examples of viruses that cause necrosis in cells?

A
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis (necrosis in the brain)
  • Parvovirus (necrosis in the GI tract)
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18
Q

What are some examples of fungi that cause cell injury?

A
  • Streptococcus (lesions in the brain)
  • Micotic Rhinitis (leads to necrosis in nasal mucosa)
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19
Q

What are some examples of parasites that cause cell injury?

A
  • Hookworm (anemia, hemorrhage in GI tract)
  • Ear mites (proliferate in epidermis, increase in keratin)
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20
Q

What are 3 categories of nutritional imbalances?

A

Deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances

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21
Q

A disease characterized by vitamin D deficiency that is common in young animals; affects growth plates, often resulting in small stature, and causes bones to be softer

A

Rickets

22
Q

A condition affecting the rumen caused by grain overload; overproduction of lactate; results are hemorrhage and necrosis of the rumen

A

Ruminal acidosis

23
Q

What deficiency causes nutritional myopathy in livestock?

A

Vitamin E and selenium

24
Q

What is the result of a PKD-1 and/or PKD-2 gene mutation in Persian cats?

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

These genes are responsible for tubule development, and mutation causes excessively dilated tubules

25
Q

What are some general consequences of genetic mutations?

A
  • Production of abnormal protein
  • Production of defective enzymes
  • Lack of necessary enzyme
  • Neoplasia
26
Q

Hypertrophy of muscle in weightlifters, and myocardial hypertrophy secondary to valvular stenosis are both examples of…

(Hint: think workload imbalance)

A

Overwork or overstimulation

27
Q

Disuse atrophy, denervation atrophy, and lack of endocrine stimulation are all examples of…

(Hint: think workload imbalance)

A

Underwork or lack of stimulation

28
Q

Snakebites possess a toxin that targets ___________ cells, causing swelling and hemorrhage

A

Endothelial

29
Q

Chemicals, drugs, and toxins cause cell injury by… (3 answers)

A
  • Binding receptors
  • Inhibiting/inducing enzymes to alter metabolic pathways
  • Producing free radicals
30
Q

What does mycotoxin (Moldy Corn Poisoning) do to the brain?

A

Causes necrosis of the white matter (leads to depression and blindness)

31
Q

The toxic chemical products of fungi that readily colonize crops - capable of causing disease and death

A

Mycotoxin

32
Q

Immunologic deficiencies, allergies/hypersensitivities, and autoimmune diseases are all categorized as types of…

A

Immunologic dysfunction

33
Q

Inflammation of the skin, often caused by ingestion of or direct skin contact with an allergen

A

Atopic dermatitis

34
Q

Autoimmune disease that affects desmosomes in the epidermis and is characterized by painful skin blistering

A

Pemphigus

35
Q

Cumulative damage to DNA predisposes tissue to ________.

A

Neoplasia

36
Q

The initial response of a cell to perturbation of homeostasis; reversible if injury is not too severe or prolonged

A

Acute cell swelling

37
Q

Hydropic degeneration, ballooning degeneration, and cytotoxic edema are all alternative terms for…

A

Acute cell swelling

38
Q

True or False: Glycolysis does not require O2 to produce ATP, but ETC and oxidative phosphorylation do require O2

A

True

39
Q

ATP depletion leads to widespread __________ of sub cellular systems

A

Failure

40
Q

What sodium/potassium and calcium abnormalities (as a result of ATP depletion) directly cause acute cell swelling?

(Hint: think in terms of increase/decrease)

A

Increased intracellular Na, H2O, and Ca, and decreased K

41
Q

What are some consequences of increased intracellular Ca?

A

Increased enzyme activation:
- ATPase (which degrades ATP)
- Endonuclease (which damages DNA)
- Protese (which damages cell structural proteins)
- Phospholipase (which damages membrane phospholipids)

42
Q

Hypoxia, toxic agents, increased levels of cytosol ihc calcium, oxidative stress, and phospholipid breakdown are all injurious agents that can lead to…

A

Mitochondrial damage

43
Q

What does mitochondrial damage lead to (in terms of ATP and ROS)?

A

Decreased ATP production and increased ROS production

44
Q

Lipid peroxidation, protein modifications, and DNA damage are all effects of…

A

ROS

45
Q

Antioxidants that block formation of ROS or scavenge (sacrifice themselves)

A

Vitamins A, C, E, and selenium

46
Q

Antioxidants that partake in sequestration of inducing agents for ROS (transport proteins for copper and iron)

A

Ferritin and ceruloplasmin

47
Q

Enzymes which decompose H2O2, OH, and O2-

A

Catalase, superoxide dismutases (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase

48
Q

Tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of O2 (anoxia or hypoxia)

A

Ischemia-reperfusion injury or reoxygenation injury

(Extra note: especially relevant for torsion cases!)

49
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms for reperfusion injury?

A
  • Oxidative stress (ROS)
  • Intracellular calcium overload
  • Inflammation
  • Activation of complement system
50
Q

Name the category of cell swelling morphology:
Generalized swelling of cell + organelles (especially mitochondria), plasma membrane blabbing, ribosomal detachment from ER, nuclear chromatin clumping, and myelin figures

A

Ultrastructural

51
Q

Name the category of cell swelling morphology:
Pale, eosinophilic, and finely vacuolated cytoplasm; swollen cells

A

Microscopic

52
Q

Name the category of cell swelling morphology:
Increases volume/weight of organs (if diffuse), imparts pallor, swollen and rounded edges on organ

A

Macroscopic/Gross

General Pathology (10 decks)

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