Cell membranes and tissues

Question 1

Forms the outer boundary of the cell
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins
- Functions as a selective barrier, regulating what enters
and leaves the cell through passive and active transport

Answer 1

Plasma membrane

Question 2

The control center of the cell, housing DNA.
- Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores allowing
material exchange with the cytoplasm.

Answer 2

Nucleus

Question 3

What is chromatin?

Answer 3

contains dna and proteins

Question 4

Contains chromatin (DNA and proteins) that condense
to form chromosomes during cell division.

Answer 4

Nucleus

Question 5

The region between the nucleus and plasma membrane,
filled with cytosol (fluid component) and organelles.
- It’s the site of various metabolic activities, housing
important structures like:

Answer 5

Cytoplasm

Question 6

the powerhouse of the cell, produces
ATP through cellular respiration.

Answer 6

Mitochondria

Question 7

Sites of protein synthesis, either floating in
the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic
reticulum

Answer 7

Ribosome

Question 8

Rough ER aids in
protein synthesis, while smooth ER is involved in lipid
synthesis and detoxification.

Answer 8

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

processes, packages, and ships
proteins and lipids

Answer 9

Golgi apparatus

Question 10

contain digestive enzymes to break down
waste materials and cellular debris.

Answer 10

Lysosome

Question 11

A network of fibers (microfilaments,
microtubules) that provide shape, support, and assist in
cell movement

Answer 11

Cytoskeleton

Question 12

Cells carry out metabolic reactions that involve energy transformations.

Answer 12

Cell metabolism

Question 13

break down
molecules to release energy

Answer 13

Catabolic reaction

Question 14

build up complex molecules

Answer 14

Anabolic reactions

Question 15

Reading mRNA by ribosomes to assemble
amino acids into proteins in the cytoplasm

Answer 15

Translation

Question 15

Cells grow by synthesizing new molecules and
organelles

Answer 15

Growth and Reproduction

Question 15

is the main energy currency used in cell functions
like muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and active
transport.

Answer 15

ATP

Question 16

Central to cellular function

Answer 16

Protein synthesis

Question 16

Protein synthesis involves?

Answer 16

Transcription and Translation

Question 17

Copying of genetic information from DNA
to mRNA in the nucleus

Answer 17

Transcription

Question 18

How do cells grow?

Answer 18

By mitosis and meiosis

Question 19

What does mitosis involve?

Answer 19

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, followed by cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division), resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells

Question 20

How do cells communicate?

Answer 20

Via chemical signals (hormones,
neurotransmitters)

Question 20

2 stages of cell cycle

Answer 20

Interphase and cell division

Question 21

Programmed cell death that helps eliminate damaged or unnecessary cells. - It plays a key role in development (e.g., shaping tissues) and maintaining homeostasis.

Answer 21

Apoptosis

Question 21

allow cells to respond to external signals, influencing processes like growth, immune responses, and metabolism

Answer 21

Signal transduction highways

Question 22

involves DNA mutations, oxidative stress, and decreased mitochondrial function, leading to reduced cell function and regeneration capacity

Answer 22

Cellular aging

Question 22

What does the cell cycle include?

Answer 22

Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases), where the cell grows, replicates DNA and prepares for division. And Mitosis, where the nucleus divides, followed by cytokinesis, where the cell splits into two

Question 23

A process of growth and division. Most of it occurs in interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA. After interphase, the cell divides through mitosis, producing two daughter cells, which then enter their own interphase and repeat the cycle

Answer 23

Cell cycle

Question 24

3 subphases of cells

Answer 24

G1, S, G2

Question 24

The stage between cell divisions where the cell performs essential functions, increases in size, and duplicates its DNA and organelles in preparation for division, ensuring that each new cell has the necessary components to function

Answer 24

Interphase

Question 25

The cell carries out routine metabolic activities

Answer 25

G1

Question 26

DNA is replicated.

Answer 26

S

Question 27

The cell prepares for division

Answer 27

G2

Question 28

These “resting” cells do not follow the normal pattern of the cell cycle but instead enter what is called the

Answer 28

G0 phase

Question 29

When a parent cell divides into two or more cells called daughter cells and produces the new cells necessary for growth and tissue repair, ensuring that each new cell maintains the parent cell's structure and function.

Answer 29

Cell division

Question 29

Wherein each daughter cell duplicates the parent cell and used to make exact replicas of themselves.

Answer 29

Mitosis

Question 30

is the division of a cell’s nucleus into two new nuclei, each containing the same amount and type of DNA as the original nucleus.

Answer 30

Mitosis

Question 30

Divides into four haploid daughter cells and sperm or egg cells are produced instead of identical daughter cells as in mitosis.

Answer 30

Meiosis

Question 30

4 phases of mitosis

Answer 30

1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

Question 31

➔ Chromatin condenses to form visible mitotic chromosomes. ➔ Centrioles divide and move to opposite poles of the cell. ➔ Spindle fibers extend from centrioles to the centromeres of chromosomes. ➔ In late prophase, the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

Answer 31

Prophase

Question 31

➔ The chromosomes align near the center of the cell. ➔ Some spindle fibers are attached to kinetochores in the centromere of each chromosome.

Answer 31

Metaphase

Question 32

➔ Chromatids separate and are pulled toward opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers, becoming individual chromosomes. ➔ One set of chromosomes moves toward each centriole at the poles. ➔ Chromosome movement is assisted by spindle fibers.

Answer 32

Anaphase

Question 33

➔ In this phase, the chromosomes complete their migration. ➔ The chromosomes unravel, becoming less distinct chromatin threads. ➔ A new nuclear envelope forms from the endoplasmic reticulum. ➔ Nucleoli reappear. ➔ Cytokinesis progresses, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells.

Answer 33

Telophase

Question 34

the division of the cell’s cytoplasm to produce two new cells. This begins in anaphase and continues through telophase

Answer 34

Cytokinesis

Question 35

an indentation in the plasma membrane

Answer 35

Cleavage furrow

Question 36

separates extracellular material from intracellular material and is selectively permeable—that is, it allows only certain substances to pass through it.

Answer 36

Plasma membrane

Question 37

Is classified as either passive or active based on whether or not the cell expends metabolic energy. During this, the cell does not expend metabolic energy

Answer 37

Passive membrane transport

Question 38

is the force required to prevent water from moving by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 38

Osmotic pressure

Question 38

are random movement of molecules results in net movement from areas of higher to lower concentration

Answer 38

Diffusion

Question 39

Is when water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 39

Osmosis

Question 40

is a mediated transport process that moves substances into or out of cells from a higher to a lower concentration

Answer 40

Facilitated discussion

Question 40

is a mediated transport process that requires energy provided by ATP. Lower to higher concentrations

Answer 40

Active transport

Question 41

s the movement of larger volumes of substances across the plasma membrane through the formation or release of vesicles, membrane-bound sacs, in the cytoplasm

Answer 41

Vesicular transport

Question 41

involves the active transport of an ion, such as Na+, out of a cell, establishing a concentration gradient, with a higher concentration of the ions outside the cell

Answer 41

Secondary active transport

Question 41

occurs when material moves through the plasma membrane and into the cytoplasm by the formation of a vesicle

Answer 41

Endocytosis

Question 42

which means “cell-eating,” solid particles are ingested and phagocytic vesicles are formed and therefore important in eliminating harmful substances from the body

Answer 42

Phagocytosis

Question 43

which means “cell-drinking,” is distinguished from phagocytosis in that smaller vesicles form.

Answer 43

Pinocytosis

Question 44

cells release material through a vesicular transport mechanism

Answer 44

Exocytosis

Question 45

Is a collection of specialized cells with the same structure and function

Answer 45

Tissue

Question 46

4 types of body tissue

Answer 46

(1) epithelial tissue, (2) connective tissue, (3) muscle tissue, and (4) nervous tissue

Question 47

is the microscopic study of tissues.

Answer 47

Histology

Question 48

is the process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes

Answer 48

Biopsy

Question 49

Function of epithelial tissue

Answer 49

coverings and linings of the surface

Question 50

Function of connective tissue

Answer 50

- support - bone, ligaments, fat

Question 51

Function of muscle tissue

Answer 51

movement

Question 52

Function of nervous tissue

Answer 52

- control - brain, nerves, spinal cord

Question 53

or epithelium, covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body

Answer 53

Epithelial tissue

Question 54

where the cells are exposed and not attached to other cells, they can be smooth or folded.

Answer 54

Free surface

Question 54

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 54

1. Mostly composed of cells. 2. Covers body surfaces. 3. Regeneration. 4. Distinct tissue surfaces

Question 55

3 distinct tissue surfaces of epithelium

Answer 55

Free, lateral, basal

Question 56

is between the cells where cells are attached to other epithelial cells

Answer 56

Lateral surface

Question 57

is at the base of the tissue which is attached to a basement membrane

Answer 57

Basal surface

Question 58

A specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells.

Answer 58

Basement membrane

Question 59

Functions of epithelium

Answer 59

1. Protecting underlying structures. 2. Acting as a barrier. 3. Permitting the passage of substances. 4. Secreting substances. 5. Absorbing substances.

Question 60

cells are flat or scalelike.

Answer 60

Squamous

Question 61

3 types of epithelium based on shapes

Answer 61

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

Question 61

cells are cube-shaped—about as wide as they are tall.

Answer 61

Cuboidal

Question 62

cells tall and thin, column-like

Answer 62

Columnar

Question 63

Classifications of epithelium

Answer 63

Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified, Transitional

Question 64

consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface

Answer 64

Simple epithelium

Question 65

consist of adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells together

Answer 65

Demosomes

Question 65

similar to one-half of a desmosome, attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane

Answer 65

Hemidemosome

Question 65

Epithelial cells have cell surface

Answer 65

glycoproteins

Question 65

is a special type of stratified epithelium. The shape of its cells changes from cuboidal and columnar to squamous-like when stretched

Answer 65

Transitional epithelium

Question 65

is a special type of simple epithelium. The prefix pseudo- means false, so this type of epithelium appears to be stratified but is not. It consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells attached to the basement membrane.

Answer 65

Pseudostratified columnar epithelum

Question 65

consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane

Answer 65

Stratified epithelium

Question 66

a small, specialized contact region between cells containing protein channels that aid intercellular communication.

Answer 66

Gap junction

Question 66

hold cells together and form a permeability barrier

Answer 66

Tght junctions

Question 66

is found just below the tight junction. It is located between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells and acts as a weak glue that holds cells together.

Answer 66

Adhesion belt