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Cell Membranes + Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Fluid - phospholipids can move freely about the bilayer and can rotate about their axis
Mosaic - scattered pattern of protein molecules

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2
Q

How does a shorter phospholipid tail affect membrane fluidity?

A

Makes it LESS fluid

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3
Q

How does double bonds in phospholipid tail affect membrane fluidity?

A

Makes it MORE fluid

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

A

Made up of 2 fatty acid, hydrocarbon tails, a phosphate group and a glycerol molecule

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5
Q

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

A

Tail = hydrophobic
Head = hydrophilic

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6
Q

Give 3 functions of membranes at SURFACE of a cell

A
  1. Separates the cell from its surroundings
  2. Maintain environment in cell
  3. Surface antigens identify cell as ‘self’
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7
Q

Give 3 functions of membranes IN a cell

A
  1. Compartmentalize environments
  2. Isolate harmful substances (eg lysosomes)
  3. Allow vesicles to form for endo/exocytosis
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8
Q

Describe structure of plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids - heads pointed out, tails in
Cholesterol - between phospholipids
Carbohydrates - on surface
Proteins - in layer (can be halfway or all the way through membrane)

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8
Q

How thick is the plasma membrane?

A

7nm

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9
Q

What can pass through plasma membrane freely (and what is the exception?) ?

A

Small, lipid soluable, non-polar, non-charged molecules (water can pass freely through aquaporins because its small)

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10
Q

Name three membrane proteins

A
  1. Channel protein
  2. Transmembrane protein
  3. Transmembrane glycoprotein
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11
Q

What regions does cholesterol have?

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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11
Q

Where is cholesterol found?

A

Between phospholipids

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11
Q

Whats the role of channel and carrier proteins?

A

Transport of water soluable, polar, charged molecules (that can’t pass freely through membrane)

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11
Q

Whats the function of cholesterol?

A

Regulates fluidity

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11
Q

How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?

A

Higher temperature = MORE fluidity

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11
Q

How does alcohol concentration affect the membrane?

A

Higher alcohol concentration DISRUPTS membrane

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12
Q

Name 3 cell structures with double membranes

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Chloroplasts
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12
Q

Name the 10 main proteins in eukaryotic cells

A
  1. Nucleus 2. Nucleolus 3. Cytoplasm
  2. Cytoskeleton 5. SER 6. RER 7. Golgi Apparatus 8. Ribosomes
  3. Mitochondria 10. Plasma membrane
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13
Q

What allows substances in and out of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pores

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14
Q

Whats the function of the nucleus?

A

It stores the human genome and controls the cell by providing instructions for protein synthesis

15
Q

Whats does the nucleus produce?

16
Q

Whats found in the nucleus?

A

Chromatin (DNA wound around histones)

17
Q

What types of ribosomes are found on RER?

18
Describe the structure of the RER
A system cisternae studded with with ribosomes
19
Where are 70s ribosomes found?
In cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in mitochondria and chloroplasts
20
Why does RER have lots of folds?
More surface area for protein synthesis
21
Whats the function of RER?
Protein synthesis
22
Whats the function of SER?
Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroids
23
Whats the Golgi made of?
Stacks of flattened membrane bound sacks - cisternae
24
Whats the fluid filled centre of mitochondria called?
Matrix
24
Whats the function of a ribosome?
Protein synthesis
24
Whats the folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria called?
Cristae
24
Whats a lysosome?
Membrane bound sac
24
What does a ribosome look like?
Made up of a small and large subunit
24
What 2 things are found in mitochondria?
Its own DNA and 70s ribosomes
24
Whats the function of mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration - making ATP
24
Whats the function of Golgi?
Pinches modified proteins off into transport vesicles
24
Which is bigger 70s or 80s ribosomes?
80s
24
Whats inside a lysosome?
Hydrolytic (digestive) enzyme
25
Whats the function of lysosome?
Break own old organelles and foreign matter for reuse
26
Whats the function of glycol lipids/protein?
Cell signaling
27
How do you tell the difference between between glycol lipids and proteins?
Whether its attached to a lipids or a protein
28
Describe the structure of a glycol lipid/protein
A lipid/protein with a carbohydrate
29
What 3 structures don't prokaryotes have?
1- nucleus 2- centrioles 3- membrane bound structures (mitochondria, chloroplasts, RER, SER, Golgi etc)
30
What 4 structures don't eukaryotes have?
1- peptidoglycan cell wall 2- smaller ribosomes 3- naked loop of DNA 4- plasmids
31
What is the process by which prokaryotes reproduce?
Binary fission and conjugation (using pili)
32
What is the bacteria that causes cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
33
How is cholera transmitted?
Faeces
34
How do we prevent cholera transmission (5 ways)?
1- cleaner water 2- sewage treatment 3- antibiotics 4- use of proper fertilizers 5- education on good hygiene
35
What are 3 treatments for cholera?
1- oral rehydration (glucose and salt solution) 2- water 3- antibiotics
36
What are the 10 steps for cholera to cause symptoms?
1- toxins bind to receptors on surface of intestinal cells 2- causes G protein to move into cell 3- activates an enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP 4- cAMP is a 2nd messenger 5- causes enzyme cascade 6- protein kinases activated 7- causes more chloride ion channels embedded in membrane 8- chloride ions leave 9- water potential in cell increases 10- water leaves via osmosis

Biology (5 decks)

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