cell metabolis Flashcards

Question

what is an enzyme-substrate complex

Answer 1

the structure formed when an enzyme and substrate combine

Answer 2

1. the higher the concentration of the enzymes, the faster the rate of chemical reactions. by regulating the type and amount of enzymes present, the body is able to control which reaction occur an the rate at which they proceed. 2. increasing substrate concentration increases th rate of the reaction. this occurs because there will be more substrate molecules coming Into contact with the enzyme molecules. beyond a certain requirement if the substrate meets it then the the effect will cease because all the enzyme molecules will be fully occupied. 3. the products of the reaction must be continually removed, it will be difficult as the substrate molecules to make contact with the enzyme molecules. 4. temperature influences enzyme activity. the rate of most chemical reaction increases as temperature increases. this is true of most enzyme reactions but only within a limited temperature change. because enzymes are proteins, they don not work in 45-50 degrees Celsius they're structure changes and they become inactive. the optimum temperature is the temperature best for enzymes to function in 30-40 degrees Celsius. 5. sensitive to pH of the medium in which a reaction is raking place. each enzyme has its own optimum pH 6. require the presence of certain ions ro non protein molecules before they will catalyse a reaction. substances involve co factors co facts change the shape fo the active site so that the enzyme can combine with the substrate. without the co factor, the molecule is intact but cannot function . some of those factors are non protein organic molecules called co enzymes like vitamins. 7. enzyme inhibitors are substances that slow ro even stop the enzymes activity. may be used by cells to control reactions so that produces are produced in specific amounts . drugs like penicillin have an enzyme in bacteria that is involved in construction of the cell wall.

Answer 3

the chemical reactions that make energy available for the cell. also called tissue respiration or internal respiration.

Answer 4

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Answer 5

adenosine triphosphate molecule that stores energy in cells; the energy is stored in the bond between the end phosphate group and the rest of the molecule. stored energy. energy released when ATP goes into ADP. it loses a phosphate group.

Answer 6

adenosine diphosphate | the substances formed when the end phosphate group is removed from a molecule of adenosine triphosphate..

Answer 7

non protein organic molecules that are essential for the functioning of an enzyme like vitamins

Answer 8

glycolysis the glucose splits 2/3 pyruvate molecules. takes two ATP's and creates 4 ATP's and 1 NADH. glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose molecule to pyruvic acid; releases energy to form 2 molecules of ADP. no oxygen is required for this. no oxygen is available the pyruvic acid produced in the glycolysis converted o lactic acid. the production of lactic acid from glucose is called aneoroboc respiration, which means respiration without oxygen. glycolysis of one molecule of glucose releases enough energy to be converted to molecules of 2ADP to ATP. . aneoribic respiration allows cells to produce some energy in the absence of oxygen. the enzymes required for aneoribic respiration are available in the cytosol of the cell. the glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in the cytosol. aneoribic respiration is very important during physical activity. when the respiratory and the circulatory systems are able to supply muscle cells with enough oxygen to meet all the energy demands of the contracting muscles. in such a circumstance, aneoribic respiration supplies the extra energy. this results in the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles and lactic acid may cause muscle pain. lactic acid from aneorivhic respiration is taken by the blood to the liver where it can be recombined with oxygen to form glucose and eventually glycogen. as this process requires oxygen physiologists say that when cels are respiration aneoribically the body is carrying an oxygen debt. after vigorous exercise, one continues to breathe heavily for one time because the oxygen debt must be supplied by converting lactic acid to glucose. the extra oxygen required after exercise may also be called recovery oxygen.

Answer 9

respiration that does not require oxygen | the production of lactic acid to form glucose

Answer 10

extra oxygen required after excising in addition to the normal resting rewquiremt. it is required to remove the lactic acid produced during excerciese

Answer 11

the extra oxygen needed to recover after ecxcersce.

Answer 12

respiration requiring oxygen. the complete breakdown of glucose into CO2 and water requires oxygen. the pyretic acid produced from the glycolysis is broken down to CO2 and H2O. it occurs in the mitochondria of the cell constructed with a double membrane, an outer membrane that form the shape of the organelle and inner membrane that is folded inwards. the enzymes for the reaction of the aerobic respiration are attached to the internal membrane so folding produces a large surface area on which the reaction of the aroibci respiration can take place. to complete the breakdown of glucose, the two pyruvic molecules produce in the glycolysis must enter the mitochondria, where enzymes are available to allow two more series of reaction to occur. the first of theses is known as the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle and results in the formation fo 2 more ATP molecules from the two pyruvic acids molecules. the second series of reaction is known as the electron transport system can produce up to 34 molecules of ATP from the products of one molecule of glucose. the aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose has the potential to generate 38 molecules of ATP. two from the glycolisis, 2 from the citric acid cycle add up to 34 from the electron transport mechanism. this can be presented as 38 ADP +38P -> 38ATP a yield of 38 ATP molecules form the energy contained in one molecule of glucose is the theoretical maximum the actual ATP yield is lower than this

Answer 13

aerobic respiration reaction takes place in the mitochondria and because respiration releases 95% of the energy to keep the cell alive.

Answer 14

the chemical energy from food from glucose - chemical energy in ATP is used for building complex molecules, cell division and growth, movement of cell organelles, movement of whole cell, maintaining cell organisation,, active transport, transmission of nerve impulses, which all produce heat energy.

Answer 15

heat is produced from the chemical reactions. 40% in respiration is incorporated into ATP, the other 60% is lost as heat. therefore energy must be continually consumed in the form of food to replace that lost heat and utilised for other purposes. the reactions of cellular respiration are catabolic, they release energy. ATP must be used to transfer energy from the catabolic reactions to reactions that require energy. anabolic reactions. the building up of small molecules eerie energy to form the chemical bonds that hold the parts of the molecules together. eg when lactic acid is recombined with oxygen in the liver to the form of glucose. or when glucose molecules are joined to form glycogen, the energy required comes from the breakdown of ATP to ADP. energy for the build up of proteins lipids and other molecules are transferred from cellular respiration by ATP.

Answer 16

A chemical reaction in which small molecules are joined to make larger molecules. Protein is synthesised from amino acids. Synthesis requires both matter and energy - matter in the form of small molecules to be joined an energy to form the chemical bonds at hold the smaller units together. Glycogen molecules can be synthesise by joining glucose units together and glycogen can be synthesise from lactic acid and oxygen.

Answer 17

A nutrient is any substance in food that provides energy come on is essential for growth or assists in the functioning of the body.

Answer 18

``` water carbohydrates lipids protein minerals vitamins ```

Answer 19

it is the fluid in which other substances are dissolved in chemical reactions in the cell occur ij the water and water molecules are dissolved. chemical reactions in the cell occur in water and water molecules take part in sum reactions

Answer 20

main source of energy for cells, complex carbs are broken down int simple sugars, particularly glucose which can be broken down into the cellular respiration to release energy.

Answer 21

important energy source. they are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. glycerol can then enter the glycolicis and broken down to release energy in similar way to glucose

Answer 22

proteins are broken down into amino acids. amino acids molecules can be assembled into new proteins with regard to metabolism. the most important protein are enzymes. enzymes control metabolism bt controllin mht chemical reaction that occur in the body. proteins can also be used as a source of energy but only if the sum supply of carbohydrates and liquid is inadequate.

Answer 23

they may be apart of enzymes. they may function as co factors for enzymes or maybe apart of substances like ATP that are involved in metabolism.

Answer 24

acts as co enzymes for many of the chemical reactions for metabolism.

Answer 25

glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose molecule to pyruvic acid; releases energy to form 2 molecules of ADP. no oxygen is required for this. no oxygen is available the pyruvic acid produced in the glycolysis converted o lactic acid. the production of lactic acid from glucose is called aneoroboc respiration, which means respiration without oxygen.

cell metabolis Flashcards

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