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POM| Molecular Biology of The Cell > Cell Metabolism 1+2 > Flashcards

Cell Metabolism 1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is this process called?

A

Glycolysis

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2
Q

Identify each type of reaction

A
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3
Q

Identify enzyme, product, type of reaction

A

Step 1

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4
Q

Identify enzyme, product, type of reaction

A

Step 2

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5
Q

Identify enzyme, product, type of reaction

A

Step 3

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6
Q

Identify enzyme, both products, type of reaction

A

Step 4

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7
Q

Identify enzyme, product, type of reaction

A

Step 5

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8
Q

Metabolic Disease:

Which glycolytic enzymopathy is fatal?

A

Deficiency in TPI is the only glycolytic enzymopathy that is fatal, with most sufferers dying within the first 6 years of their lives.

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9
Q

Identify enzyme, product, type of reaction

A

Step 6

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10
Q

Identify enzyme, product, type of reaction

A

Step 7

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11
Q

Identify enzyme, product, type of reaction

A

Step 8

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12
Q

Identify enzyme, product, type of reaction

A

Step 9

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13
Q

Identify enzyme, product, type of reaction

A

Step 10 (Final Step)

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14
Q

Which steps are irreversible in glycolysis?

A

Steps 1,3 and 10
(hexokinase, PFK, pyruvate kinase)

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15
Q

Which step commits the cell to glycolysis and traps glucose inside the cell?

A

Step 1 - Phosphorylation of Glucose into Glucose 6-P

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16
Q

What is the net change in ATP for glycolysis?

A

+2
(-2+4=+2)

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17
Q

Which steps consume ATP?

A

Steps 1,3
(hexokinase, PFK)

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18
Q

Which steps produce ATP?

A

Steps 7 and 10
(PG kinase and pyruvate kinase)

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19
Q

Which step is a dehydration reaction?

A

Step 9
(Water and Phosphoenolpyruvate produced)

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20
Q

How many NADH molecules produced in glycolysis and which steps?

A

2xNADH in Step 6

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21
Q

What is the parallel pathway to glycolysis which is used in anabolic reactions to generate biosynthetic molecules called?

A

Pentose-Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

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22
Q

What molecule does NADH reduce, which is also a vital antioxidant?

A

Glutathione

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23
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation

Identify enzyme and product

A

Decarboxylation of Pyruvate

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24
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation

Identify enzyme and product

A

Dehydrogenation of Acetaldehyde

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25
Q

Which organism performs alcoholic fermentation and under what conditions?

A

Yeast, under anaerobic conditions

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26
Q

Generation of Lactate

Identify enzyme and product

A

Dehydrogenation of Pyruvate

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27
Q

Generation of Lactate

Where in the Mammalian body does lactate generation occur and when?

A

In muscles, when oxygen is a limiting factor

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28
Q

What is the common purpose of alcoholic fermentation and lactate generation?

A

NAD+ Regeneration

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29
Q

Which molecule is used as an ATP buffer?

A

Creatine phosphate

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30
Q

Identify enzyme and product

A
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31
Q

What is the order of main ATP storage in muscles during a long exercise?

A

stored ATP-> CP-> Anaerobic metabolism-> Aerobic metabolism

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32
Q

Identify enzyme and all three products

A
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33
Q

Why is addition of CoA necessary for TCA cycle?

A

Thioester bond is readily hydrolysed enabling acetyl CoA to donate acetate easily

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34
Q

What are the cofactors of PDH complex?

A

Thiamine (B1) pyrophosphate, Lipoic Acid and FAD
(in addition to NAD+ and CoA which are also substrates)

35
Q

What is the cause of Beri-Beri disease?

A

Thiamine deficiency affecting PDH complex causes symptoms such as peripheral nerve damage, muscle weakness and reduced cardiac output.

36
Q

Which 3 amino acids can be substrates of kinases?

A

Serine, threonine and tyrosine

37
Q

What type of phosphorylation is glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

38
Q

What does high serum LDH indicate?

A

Possible stroke or MI

39
Q

What is this cycle called and where does it take place?

A

TCA or Kreb’s or Citcric Acid Cycle
- takes place in mitochondrial matrix

40
Q

What is the total production of TCA cycle per one glucose?

A

Two turns per glucose:
6xNADH
2XGTP
2XFADH2
4XCO2

41
Q

What reaction is this and which group of molecules react?

A

Transamination (Group Transfer)
An amino acid and a keto acid react

42
Q

What is the purpose of this transamination reaction?

A

Alanine is converted into pyruvate, so it can join the TCA cycle (through link reaction)

43
Q

Identify enzyme and one product

A
44
Q

Name all the substrates of TCA cycle respectively, starting with Acetyl CoA

A

Acetyl Coa + Oxaloacetate → Citrate → Isocitrate → a-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl CoA → Succinate → Fumarate → Malate → Oxaloacetate

45
Q

Identify enzyme and product

A
46
Q

Name the enzymes

A
47
Q

Name the enzymes

A
48
Q

Which steps produce NADH in TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate → a-Ketoglutarate
a-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl CoA
Malate → Oxaloacetate

49
Q

Which step produces GTP in TCA cycle (later converted to ATP)?

A

Succinyl CoA → Succinate

50
Q

Which step produces FADH2?

A

Succinate → Fumarate

51
Q

What are the ketogenic amino acids?

A

Leucine
Lysine
Isoleucine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine

52
Q

What do ketogenic amino acids form?

A

Ketone bodies

53
Q

Through what do the ketogenic amino acids enter TCA cycle?

A

Through Acetly CoA or Acetoacetyl CoA (which is then converted into Acetoacetyl CoA)

54
Q

How do the glucogenic amino acids enter TCA cycle?

A

Pyruvate, Oxaloacetate, Fumarate, Succinyl coA, a-Ketoglutarate

55
Q

How are the electrons from NADH transferred inside the mitochondrion?

A

The Glycerol phosphate shuttle and the Malate-Aspartate shuttle

56
Q

Where in the body are the specific electron shuttles used?

A

The Glycerol phosphate shuttle – skeletal muscle, brain
The Malate-Aspartate shuttle – liver, kidney and heart

57
Q

Which enzyme transfers electrons from NADH to which molecule?

A

Cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers electrons from NADH to DHAP to generate glycerol 3-phosphate

58
Q

What is Step 2 of the Glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A

Mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers the electrons to FAD. These then get passed to co-enzyme Q, part of ETC

59
Q

What types of reactions are happening in the Malate-Aspartate shuttle?

A

Redox reactions

60
Q

What are the enzymes and protein channels in the Malate-Aspartate shuttle called?

A

Enzymes:
AT = aspartate transaminase
MDH = malate dehydrogenase
Protein Channels:
Glutamate-aspartate antiporter
Malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter

61
Q

Which molecule reacts with aspartate in a transamination reaction and what are the products?

A

reactant is α-ketoglutarate
products are glutamate and oxaloacetate

62
Q

How many ATP molecules produced per NADH and FADH2?

A

3x ATP per NADH
2x ATP per FADH2

63
Q

What type of reaction is this?

A

Transamination reaction

64
Q

What is the first step of β-oxidation of fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids are converted into an Acyl CoA species converting ATP to AMP

65
Q

Mutations in which TCA cycle enzymes might favour aerobic glycolysis (supporting malignancy)?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Succinate dehydrogenase and Fumarase

66
Q

How does the Acyl CoA generated from β-oxidation enter mitochondrial matrix?

A

Couples with carnitine

67
Q

What are the enzymes and protein channel called in the carnitine shuttle?

A
68
Q

What happens inside the cells in primary carnitine deficiency?

A

Reduced carnitine transporter activity causes carnitine levels inside the cells to drop which further prevents β-oxidation of fatty acids.

69
Q

What are the products of one turn of β-oxidation cycle?

A

1X NADH
1X FADH2
1X Acetyl CoA
1X Acyl CoA species, 2 carbons shorter than the original

70
Q

What are the products of β-oxidation of palmitoyl CoA (16C)?

A

In 7 β-oxidation cycles:
8 Acetyl CoA+7NADH+7FADH2

71
Q

What does Acetyl CoA from β-oxidation produce when fasting and what are they collectively. known as?

A

Ketone Bodies: Acetoacetate, D3HB and. Acetone

72
Q

Which two enzymes does fatty acid biosynthesis involve?

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase and Fatty Acid Synthase

73
Q

What is the growing fatty acid chain linked to in lipogenesis?

A

Acyl Carrying Protein (ACP)

74
Q

Carriers, Reducing power and Locations of Lipogenesis vs β-oxidation

A

Lipogenesis: ACP, NADPH and cytoplasm
β-oxidation: CoA, NAD+/FAD+ and mitochondrial matrix

75
Q

Which two molecules react in decarboxylative condensation reactions of lipogenesis?

A

Acetyl CoA and Malonyl CoA

76
Q

What are the reactants of lipogenesis that give palmitate (16C) as a product?

A

Acetyl CoA (2C) + 7 Malonyl CoA (3C) + 14 NADPH

77
Q

What are the byproducts of lipogenesis of palmitate (16C)?

A

7 CO2 + 6 H2O + 8 CoA + 14 NADP+

78
Q

Where does elongation of acyl group to make fatty acids longer than 16C occur in the cell?

A

Mitochondria and ER

79
Q

What is the group of enzymes required for desaturation of fatty acids?

A

Fatty acyl CoA desaturases

80
Q

Which enzyme turns palmitate and stearate into palmitoleic acid and oleic acid?

A

∆-9 desaturase as it generates a double bond on the 9th C

81
Q

Which parts of the adult human body perform de novo fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Liver, adipose tissue and lactating breast

82
Q

Why is lipogenesis reactivated in some cells unusually?

A

To act as an energy source for cancer cells

83
Q

How chain lengths separated in acyl CoA dehydrogenases?

A

Short-chain 1-6C
Medium-chain 6C-12C
Long-chain 13C-21C
Very long-chain >22C

84
Q

What is affected in patients with Medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD)?

A

Fatty metabolism is affected, so they should rely highly on carbohydrates and avoid fasting for long periods

POM| Molecular Biology of The Cell (10 decks)

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