CELL METABOLISM (finals)

Question 1

The chemical processes that occur in a cell are collectively
referred to as its

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

Two kinds of chemical reactions occur in a cell’s metabolism:

Answer 2

• Anabolic Reactions
• Catabolic Reactions

Question 3

The processing of energy by cells involves a transfer of energy through the flow of electrons

Answer 3

Oxidation– reduction reactions

Question 4

is a chemical process in which a
substance loses electrons

Answer 4

Oxidation

Question 5

is a chemical process in which a
substance gains electrons

Answer 5

Reduction

Question 6

Electrons associated with hydrogen
are transferred to

Answer 6

electron
acceptor molecules

Question 7

usually involves the removal
of a hydrogen atom and its single electron from
a compound.

Answer 7

oxidation

Question 8

usually involves a gain of a hydrogen
atom (and thus a gain in an electron)

Answer 8

Reduction

Question 9

The electrons are transferred to an ————- ———–, which temporarily accepts them until they move along to the next acceptor molecule

Answer 9

electron acceptor molecule,

Question 10

The shuttling of these electrons from one
acceptor to another is known as an

Answer 10

electron
transport chain

Question 11

3 organisms capable of photosynthesis

Answer 11

plants
algae
certain prokaryotes

Question 12

absorbing and converting light energy from the
sun to chemical energy

Answer 12

photosynthesis

Question 13

end products of photosynthesis are

Answer 13

glucose/carbohydrates
water
oxygen

Question 14

which is any organic
material used as fuel

Answer 14

biomass

Question 15

which includes wood, agricultural
wastes, and fast-growing plants, contains
chemical energy that can be traced to solar
energy captured during photosynthesis

Answer 15

Biomass

Question 16

makes up a small portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 16

Light

Question 17

a vast and continuous range of electromagnetic radiations propagated through space and matter

Answer 17

electromagnetic spectrum

Question 18

is the distance from one wave
peak to the next

Answer 18

wavelength

Question 19

portion of vicible light in the electromagnetic spectrum
from what nm?

Answer 19

380 and 760 nanometers

Question 20

the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see it

Answer 20

visible spectrum

Question 21

Light is composed of small particles, or packets,
of energy called

Answer 21

photons

Question 22

The lowest energy state an electron possesses
is called

Answer 22

ground state

Question 23

When an electron is raised to a higher energy level than its ground state the electron is said to be

Answer 23

energized

Question 24

where does chlorophyll mainly lie?

Answer 24

mesophyll

Question 25

a layer with many air spaces and a high concentration of water vapor

Answer 25

mesophyll

Question 26

the pigment that initiates photosynthesis

Answer 26

chlorophyll a

Question 27

an accessory pigent that also participates in photosynthesis

Answer 27

chlorophyll b

Question 28

photosynthetic pigments which are yellow and orange

Answer 28

carotenoids

Question 29

is the main photosynthetic pigment

Answer 29

Chlorophyll

Question 30

an instrument that measures the relative abilities of different pigments to absorb different wavelengths of light. The absorption spectrum of a pigment is a plot of its absorption of different wavelengths of light.

Answer 30

spectrophotometer

Question 31

is a graph of the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light.

Answer 31

An action spectrum of photosynthesis

Question 32

(light of one wavelength)

Answer 32

monochromatic light

Question 33

To obtain an action spectrum, scientists measure the rate of --------- for leaf cells or tissues exposed to monochromatic light

Answer 33

rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength

Question 34

indicates the effectiveness of various wavelengths of light in powering photosynthesis

Answer 34

action spectrum of photosynthesis

Question 35

The principal raw materials for photosynthesis are

Answer 35

water and carbon dioxide

Question 36

The energy that chlorophyll molecules absorb from sunlight is expended to split

Answer 36

water

Question 37

The energy that chlorophyll molecules absorb from sunlight is expended to split water, which releases

Answer 37

oxygen and hydrogen

Question 38

what part of chloroplast are associated in light-dependent reactions

Answer 38

thylakoids

Question 39

carbon fixation reactions produce

Answer 39

carbohydrates

Question 40

these reactions “fix” carbon atoms from CO2 to existing skeletons of organic molecules

Answer 40

Carbon fixation

Question 41

reactions have no direct requirement for light

Answer 41

carbon fixation

Question 41

referred to as the “dark” reactions

Answer 41

carbon fixation

Question 42

most common carbon fixation pathway

Answer 42

Calvin cycle

Question 43

Calcin cycle is named after

Answer 43

Melvin Calvin

Question 44

are light-harvesting units of the light-dependent reactions

Answer 44

Photosystems I and II

Question 45

the light-dependent reactions begins when these two absorbs light

Answer 45

chlorophyll a or accessory pigments

Question 46

Chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigment molecules are organized with pigment-binding proteins in thylakoid membranes into units called

Answer 46

antenna complexes

Question 47

it absorbs light energy and transfer it to the reaction center

Answer 47

antenna complex

Question 48

which consists of chlorophyll molecules and proteins that participate directly in photosynthesis

Answer 48

reaction center

Question 49

Two types of photosynthetic units are involved in photosynthesis

Answer 49

photosystem I and photosystem II

Question 50

it contains a pair of chlorophyll a molecules with an absorption peak of P700 nm

Answer 50

photosystem I

Question 51

this reaction center is also known as P700

Answer 51

photosystem I

Question 52

it contains of a pair of chlorophyll a molecules with an absorption peak of 680 nm and is referred to as P680

Answer 52

Photosystem II

Question 53

a chain of alternatively oxidized and reduced compounds that links photosystems I and II

Answer 53

electron transport chain

Question 54

a cyclic flow of electrons through photosystem I that produces ATP

Answer 54

cyclic electron transport

Question 55

what photosystem is not involved in cyclic electron transport

Answer 55

Photosystem II

Question 56

it occurs by chemiosmosis

Answer 56

ATP synthesis

Question 57

ATP synthesis occurs by

Answer 57

chemiosmosis

Question 58

noncyclic and cyclic electro trasport is embedded in the -------

Answer 58

thylakoid membrane

Question 59

these photosynthesis units are involved in noncyclic and cyclic electron transport

Answer 59

photosystem I and photosystem II

Question 60

# \ does a greater concentration of H+ in the thyakoid interior decrease or increase the pH?

Answer 60

decrease/lowers the pH

Question 61

an enzyme complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane

Answer 61

ATP synthase

Question 62

an enzyme that forms a channel through which the accumulated protons leaves the thylakoids

Answer 62

ATP synthase

Question 63

as protons pass through ATP synthase, some energy is used to form

Answer 63

ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Question 64

The synthesis of ATP by first producing a proton gradient

Answer 64

chemiosmosis

Question 65

uses the energy released during electron transport

Answer 65

chemiosmosis

Question 66

Photorespiration reduces the efficiency of the

Answer 66

C3 pathway

Question 67

it reduces the efficiency of the c3 pathway

Answer 67

photorespiration

Question 68

these plants lose more water by evaporation from their surfaces than the roots replace by drawing from the soil

Answer 68

Water-stressed plants

Question 69

tiny pores in the leaf surfaces through which CO2 enters and O2 exits during photosynthesis.

Answer 69

(stomata)

Question 70

Once the stomata close, photosynthesis in the chloroplasts rapidly uses up the ----- remaining in the leaf, and the ----- produced in photosynthesis accumulates in the chloroplasts.

Answer 70

CO2 AND O2

Question 71

Occurs during intense daylight

Answer 71

PHOTORESPIRATION

Question 72

requires oxygen and produces CO2 and H2O.

Answer 72

PHOTORESPIRATION

Question 73

does not produce biologically useful energy.

Answer 73

PHOTORESPIRATION

Question 74

what kinds of plants common using the c4 pathway

Answer 74

plants with tropical origins

Question 75

3 examples of plants with tropical origins

Answer 75

crabgrass corn sugarcane

Question 76

# .. Many desert plants fix carbon using what pathway?

Answer 76

CAM pathway

Question 77

what does CAM pathway mean?

Answer 77

crassulacean acid metabolism

Question 78

name comes from the stonecrop plant family, the Crassulaceae

Answer 78

CAM pathway

Question 79

it is only one of the more than 25 plant families that possess the CAM pathway

Answer 79

Crassulaceae