Plant Tissues and the Multicellular Plant Body Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
this system is generally underground
A
root system
2
Q
aerial portion
A
shoot system
3
Q
consists of a vertical stem bearing leaves
and, in flowering plants, flowers and fruits that contain seeds.
A
shoot system
4
Q
branch extensively through the soil, forming a network that anchors the plant firmly in place and absorbs water and dissolved minerals from the soil.
A
Roots
5
Q
the flattened organs for photosynthesis
A
Leaves
6
Q
are attached regularly on the stem, where they absorb the sunlight and atmospheric CO2 used in photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates.
A
Leaves
7
Q
Plants are either
A
herbaceous or woody
8
Q
theydo not develop persistent woody parts above ground.
A
Herbaceous plants
9
Q
develop persistent woody parts
above ground.
A
Woody plants
10
Q
what kind of plants are trees and shrubs
A
Woody plants
11
Q
example of aerial part of plants
A
(stems and leaves)
12
Q
during what climate does the aerial parts of herbaceous plants die back to the ground at the end of
the growing season.
A
temperate climates
13
Q
during temperate climates the aerial stemsof woody plants, do they persist or die?
A
persist
14
Q
plants (such as corn, geranium, and marigold) that
grow, reproduce, and die in 1 year or season.
A
Annuals
15
Q
herbaceous plants examples
A
corn, geranium, and marigold
16
Q
Annual plants example
A
carrot, cabbage, and Queen
Anne’s lace
17
Q
these plants take 2 years to complete their life cycles
A
Biennials
18
Q
these plants are woody or herbaceous plants that live for more than 2 years.
A
Perennials
19
Q
All woody plants are
A
perennials
20
Q
is the basic structural and functional unit of plants.
A
cell
21
Q
is a group of cells that forms a structural and functional unit
A
tissue
22
Q
2 classification of tissues
A
simple tissues
complex tissues
23
Q
are composed of only one kind of cell
A
simple tissues
24
Q
have two or more kinds of cells.
A
complex tissues
25
what plant has tissues are organized into three tissue systems,
vascular plants
26
3 types of tissue system
Ground tissue system
vascular tissue system
dermal tissue system
27
has a variety of functions, including photosynthesis, storage, and support.
Ground tissue system
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an intricate plumbing system that extends
throughout the plant body, conducts various substances, including water, dissolved minerals, and food (dissolved sugar).
vascular tissue system
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covers the plant body
dermal tissue system
30
Roots, stems, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are referred to as
organs
31
it is when a part composes of all three tissue systems
organs
32
they form an interconnected
network throughout the plant.
tissue systems
33
three tissues of herbaceous plants:
Parenchyma,
Collenchyma, and
Sclerenchyma.
34
growing cell secretes a thin
primary cell wall,
35
it stretches and
expands as the cell increases in size.
primary cell wall
36
After the cell stops growing, it sometimes secretes a thick, strong ----
secondary cell wall
37
it is deposited inside the primary cell wall—that
is, between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane.
secondary cell wall
38
a simple tissue composed of parenchyma cells
Parenchyma tissue
39
is found throughout the plant body and is the most common type of cell and tissue.
parenchyma
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functions in photosynthesis contain chloroplasts, whereas
non-photosynthetic parenchyma cells lack chloroplasts.
Parenchyma cells
41
have the ability to differentiate into other kinds of cells,
particularly when a plant is injured.
Parenchyma cells
42
(water-conducting cells)
xylem
43
if xylem is severed, these cells may divide and differentiate into new xylem cells within a few days.
Parenchyma cells
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have unevenly thickened primary cell walls
Collenchyma cells
45
a simple tissue composed of collenchyma cells
Collenchyma tissue
46
is a flexible tissue that provides much of the support in soft, non woody plant organs.
Collenchyma tissue
47
are usually elongated
Collenchyma cells
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Their primary cell walls are unevenly thickened and are especially thick in the corners.
Collenchyma cells
49
is not found uniformly throughout the plant and often occurs as
long strands near stem surfaces and along leaf veins.
Collenchyma
50
The “strings” in a celery stalk (petiole), for example, consist of
collenchyma
51
both primary cell walls and thick secondary cell walls
Sclerenchyma cells
52
the secondary cell walls of ----- become strong and hard due
to extreme thickening.
sclerenchyma cells
53
these cells are often dead.
sclerenchyma cells
54
when do sclerenchyma cells often die
at functional maturity
55
may occur in several areas of the plant body.
Sclerenchyma tissue
56
2 types of Sclerenchyma cells
Sclereids
Fibers
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short cells that are variable in shape
Sclereids
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are common in the shells of nuts and the stones of fruits, such as cherries and peaches
Sclereids
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long, tapered cells that often occur in groups or clumps,
are particularly abundant in the wood, inner bark, and leaf ribs (veins) of flowering plants.
Fibers
60
which is embedded in the ground tissue, transports
needed materials throughout the plant via two complex tissues
vascular tissue system
61
two complex tissues in the vascular tissue system:
xylem and phloem
62
conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves and provides structural support.
Xylem
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is a complex tissue composed of four different cell types
xylem
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four different cell types:
tracheids, vessel elements, parenchyma cells, and fibers.
65
these 2 elements—actually conduct water and dissolved
minerals.
tracheids and vessel elements
66
they ccontain parenchyma cells
Xylem
67
Xylem contains parenchyma cells, known as
xylem parenchyma
68
perform
storage functions, and xylem fi bers that provide support.
xylem parenchyma
69
are highly specialized for conduction of
water and minerals.
Tracheids and vessel elements
70
the chief waterconducting cells in gymnosperms and seedless
vascular plants such as ferns, are long, tapering cells located in patches or clumps.
Tracheids
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these are long, tapering cells located in patches or clumps.
ferns
72
are thin areas in the tracheids’ cell walls where a secondary cell
wall did not form.
Pits
73
always occur in pairs, one on each side of the primary cell walls
of adjacent cells
Pits
74
Flowering plants possess efficient water-conducting cells called
vessel elements
75
Vessel elements are hollow, but unlike tracheids, they have holes in their end walls known as
perforations
76
they are hollow, but unlike tracheids, they have holes in their end
walls
Vessel elements
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A stack of vessel elements, called a
vessel
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resembles a miniature water pipe.
vessel
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they also have pits in their side walls that permit the lateral transport of water from one vessel to another
Vessel elements
80
are the conducting cells of phloem
Sieve-tube elements
81
conducts food materials to plants
Phloem
82
conducts food materials—that is, carbohydrates formed in
photosynthesis—throughout the plant and provides structural support.
Phloem
83
In flowering plants, phloem is a complex tissue composed of four different cell types:
* Sieve-tube elements
* Companion cells
* Phloem fibers, and
* Phloem parenchyma cells
84
Food materials are conducted in
solution
85
Food materials are conducted in solution—that is, dissolved in water—through
sieve-tube elements
86
are among the most specialized living cells in
nature
sieve-tube elements
87
Sieve-tube elements are long, thin cells that are stacked end on end to form long
sieve tubes
88
The cell’s end walls are called
sieve plates
89
they have a series of holes through which
cytoplasm extends from one sieve-tube element into the next.
sieve plates
90
are alive at maturity, but many of their organelles, including
the nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, and ribosomes, disintegrate as they mature.
Sieve-tube elements
91
Adjacent to each sieve-tube element is a
companion cell
92
assists in the
functioning of the sieve-tube element.
companion cell
93
(sing., plasmodesma)
plasmodesmata
94
singular form of plasmodesmata
plasmodesma
95
they occur between a companion
cell and its sieve-tube element.
plasmodesmata
96
they do not conduct nutrients itself
companion cell
97
it plays an essential role in loading food materials into the sieve-tube elements for transport to other parts of the plant.
companion cell
98
this system consists of two complex tissues
dermal tissue system
99
2 complex tissues in the dermal tissues system
epidermis
Periderm
100
In herbaceous plants, the dermal tissue system is a layer of cells called the
epidermis
101
but it splits apart as the plant increases in girth as a result of the production of additional woody tissues underneath the epidermis
epidermis
102
a tissue several to many cell layers thick, provides a new protective covering as the epidermis is destroyed.
Periderm
103
which replaces the epidermis in the stems and roots of older woody plants, composes the outer bark
Periderm
104
is the outermost layer of an herbaceous plant
Epidermis
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is a complex tissue composed primarily of relatively
unspecialized living cells
epidermis
106
Dispersed among these cells are more specialized guard cells and outgrowths called
trichomes
107
are somewhat thicker toward the outside of the plant to
provide protection
Epidermal cell walls
108
generally contain no chloroplasts and are therefore transparent, so light can penetrate into the interior tissues of stems and leaves
Epidermal cells
109
is the outermost layer of an herbaceous plant
Epidermis
110
Epidermal cells of stems and leaves secrete a waxy layer called a
cuticle
111
this wax greatly restricts the loss of water from
plant surfaces.
cuticle
112
facilitate the diffusion of carbon dioxide.
Stomata
113
Stomata are
tiny pores in the epidermis between two cells called
guard cells.
114
The epidermis may also contain special outgrowths, or hairs, called
trichomes
115
occurs in many sizes and shapes and have a variety of functions
trichomes
116
are simple, unbranched trichomes that increase the surface area of the root epidermis for more effective water and mineral absorption.
Root hairs
117
(which comes into contact with the soil)
root epidermis
118
replaces epidermis in woody plants
Periderm
119
As a woody plant begins to increase in girth, its epidermis sloughs off and is replaced by
periderm
120
forms the protective outer bark of older stems and roots.
Periderm
120
are dead at maturity, and their walls are heavily coated with a
waterproof substance called suberin, which helps reduce water loss.
cork cells
121
(also called phelloderm)
cork parenchyma cells
122
function primarily in
storage.
cork parenchyma cells
123
Plant growth involves three different processes:
Cell division
Cell elongation
Cell differentiation
124
is an essential part of growth that results in an increase in the
number of cells.
Cell division
125
(the lengthening of a cell)
Cell elongation
126
new cells elongate as the cytoplasm grows and the vacuole fills with water, which exerts pressure on the cell wall and causes it to expand.
Cell elongation
127
or specialize, into the various cell types These cell
types compose the mature plant body and perform the various functions required in a multicellular organism.
Cell differentiation
128
It is considered an important aspect of
growth because it is essential for tissue formation.
Cell differentiation
129
are composed of cells whose primary function is the formation of new cells.
Meristems
130
do not differentiate. Instead, they retain the ability to
divide by mitosis, a trait that many differentiated cells lose.
Meristematic cells
131
persistence of --------- means that plants, unlike most animals, retain the capability for growth throughout their entire life span.
meristems
132
Two kinds of meristematic growth may occur in plants.
Primary growth
Secondary growth
133
is an increase in the length of a plant.
Primary growth
134
is an increase in the girth of a plant.
Secondary growth
134
which produces the entire plant body in herbaceous plants
and the young, soft shoot tips and root tips of woody trees and
shrubs.
Primary growth
134
Primary growth takes place at?
apical meristems
135
this area consists of meristematic cells.
root apical meristem
135
Directly behind the root cap, in the area of cell division, is the
root apical meristem
136
a protective layer and covers the root tip
root cap
137
where the cells have been displaced from the
meristem. Here the cells are no longer dividing but instead growing longer, pushing the root tip ahead of them, deeper into the soil.
Area of cell elongation
137
the cells have completely differentiated and are fully mature
Area of cell maturation
137
Within every bud is a dome of tiny, regularly arranged meristematic cells, the
shoot apical meristem
137
Three primary meristems
protoderm
Procambium
Ground meristem
137
is young, undifferentiated tissue of a root or stem that
eventually develops into epidermis.
protoderm
137
is meristematic tissue that eventually develops into xylem and
phloem.
Procambium
137
is meristematic tissue that gives rise to cortex, pith, and
ground tissue.
Ground meristem
138
(developing leaves)
Leaf primordia
138
emerge from the shoot apical meristem.
Bud primordia
138
(develop-ing buds)
Bud primordia
139
cover and protect the shoot apical
meristem
Leaf primordia
140
Secondary growth is due to cell divisions that occur in
lateral meristems
141
areas that extend along the entire lengths of stems and roots, except at the tips
lateral meristems
142
Two lateral meristems are responsible for secondary growth:
Vascular cambium
Cork cambium
143
is a layer of meristematic cells that forms a thin,
continuous cylinder within the stem and root.
Vascular cambium
144
It is located between the
wood and bark of a woody plant.
Vascular cambium
145
where are vascular cambiums located
between the
wood and bark of a woody plant
146
is a thin cylinder or irregular arrangement of meristematic
cells in the outer bark region.
Cork cambium
147
Cells of the cork cambium divide to form the
cork cells
148
3 things that make up periderm
cork cells, cork cambium, and cork parenchyma
148
cells that function in
storage.
cork parenchyma
148
Secondary growth forms secondary tissues—that is ----
secondary xylem
secondary phloem
periderm
148
Collectively, cork cells, cork cambium, and cork parenchyma
make up the
periderm
