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cell organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotes

A

unicellular organisms eg bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

eukaryotes

A

multicellular eg plants,animals,fungi and protoctists

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3
Q

prokaryotes have

A

70s small ribosomes. cell wall made of peptidoglycan. capsules and plasmids. flagella/pili. cirvcula dna. Mesosomes

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4
Q

eukaryotes have

A

membrane bound organelles (nucleus, nucleolus, ER, mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus). 80s big ribosomes. no plasmids and no capsules. linear dna

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5
Q

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have

A

cytoplasm ribosomes and cell membarne

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6
Q

ER

A

network of fluid filled membranes

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7
Q

difference between RER and SER

A

SER has ni riboosmes and not attached to nucleus

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8
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

Fluid filled, membrane bound sacs
Removes water from protein
Modify and package proteins
Makes lysosomes

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9
Q

golgi vesicles

A

Made by golgi apparatus
Store and transport protein and lipids out of the cell

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10
Q

lysosomes

A

Special type of golgi vesicle
Contain digestive enzymes called lysozymes, which are used to hydrolyse pathogens and old cell organelles
Digests invading cells

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11
Q

ribosome

A

made of protein and RNA
Not surrounded by membrane
Site where proteins are made

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12
Q

nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes

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13
Q

mesosome

A

in folding of cell membrane
outside the cell wall

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14
Q

capsule

A

protective layer outside of cell wall
Protects (bacteria) from attack by cells of the immune system

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15
Q

pilus

A

transfer plasmids between bacteria
Helps prokaryotes stick to other cells and can be used to transfer genetic material

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16
Q

locus

A

location of genes on a chromosome

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17
Q

how is dna in bacteria organised

A

circular dna
located in cytoplasm
small plasmids

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18
Q

extracellular enzymes

A

proteins are foleded in RER
transported in vesicles
vesicles fuse with golgi spparatus
modification of protein inside golgi apparatus
protein packaged into secretory vesicles
exocytosis - vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane

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19
Q

cortical reaction

A

fusion of sperm cell with egg cell membrane
cortical granules release contents
zona pellucida thickens/hardens
fusion of nuceli

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20
Q

why do some genes show linkage and some show sex-linkage

A

there are more genes than there are chromosmes
linkage relates to genes on the same choromseome
sex-linkage relates to genes on the sex chroosmeome

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21
Q

fertilised cell divides

A

by mitosis to produce genticdlly identical cells

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22
Q

crossing over

A

cgromatids are produced with different combinations of alleles. swapping of sections of chormatids.

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23
Q

how is acrosome involved in the digestion of the zona pellucida

A

membrane of the acrosome fuses with the plasma membrane of the sperm cell.
releases digestive enzymes
by exocytosis to break down zona pellucida

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24
Q

independednt asortment

A

different combinations of paternl and maternal chromosmesp[roduced

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25
centriole
Spindle organisation Chromosome separation during cell division
26
polygenic inheritance
more than one gene for a single characteristic at different loci
27
males
can only inherit one allele
28
nucleus
nuclear pores, double membrane/ envelope, nucleolus
29
tonoplast
membrane that surrounds vacuole. controls what enters and leaves the vacuole
30
amyloplast
organelle enclosed by membrane. contain and store starch granules. they convert starch back to glucose for release when the plant requires it
31
pits
thin regions of the cell wall. they allow transport of substances between cells
32
sclerenchyma fibres
provide support and have hollow lumen. it is thickened with lignin. more cellulose than other plants. don't contain pits
33
what happens to lysosomes once their contents have been digested
they fuse with cell surface membrane contents released by exocytosis
34
why cant nucelus be obverved at the end of prophase
nucelar membrane broken down dna is condensed into individual chromosomes
35
function of plasmodesma
cytoplasmic connection between cells allows transport and communication
36
why is protein made by bacteria different to protein made by animals
bacteria do not have rer polypeptide isnt properly modified so protein is incorrectly folded
37
how does preventing shortening of spindle fibres affect mitosis
sister chromatids cannot be separated mitossi stops beofre anaphase
38
why are offspring geneticallt different
random fertilisaiton gamete contains different combinations of alleles due to independent assortment/crossing over
39
sex linked defintion
faulty gene located on x/y chromsome
40
why abnormal sperm reduces fertility
affects motility prevents sperm from reaching egg prevents fertilisation
41
how is corssing over different in sex chromsomes
crossovers cannot form between x and y chromosme because they are not homologous
42
why is dna replicated beefore mitosis beigns
to ensure diploid number of chrosomes in each daughter cell ensure they are geneticlaly identicla
43
prophase
nucelar envelope breaks down chromatids condesne spindle fibres form Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
44
on sex linked, genes are carried on
x chromsoome
45
molecular phylogeny
molecular differences in DNA in proteins
46
Compare and contrast the results of mitosis and meiosis
both increase number of cells mitosis produces diploiod cells/meiosis haploid meiosis produces genetically different cells/mitosis porduces genetically identical cells mitosis results in 2 daughter cells/meiosis results in 4 daughter cells
47
Explain how epigenetic changes can cause differences in a characteristic.
histone modification/DNA methylation activates genes affecting enzyme production
48
Explain why an individual may have a greater adult height than their biological parents.
height is affected by environment aswell as genotype height is an example of polygenic inheritance so offspring can inherit a mixture of alleles from boith parents more caclium in diet (needed for bone growth)/better healthcare can affect height
49
difference between tissue and system
tissue contains one type of cell system contains many different tissues/organs
50
Describe what happens to proteins after translation and before they are released from cell
RER folds protein. Proteins are packaged into vesicle. Vesicle then transports protein to Golgi apparatus, where it is modified, e.g. adding carb group. Vesicles fuse with membrane. Protein is released by exocytosis
51
primary structure definition
sequence of amino acids joind together by peptide bonds
52
mutation in enzyme causes?
change in active site substrate can't fit in active site substrate-enzyme complexes can't be formed
53
Nuclear pores
Allows substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
54
RER function
Folds ans processes proteins
55
SER function
Synthesises and processes lipids
56
Matrix mitochondria function
Contains enzymes involved in respiration
57
Bacteria’s cell wall is made of
Murein, which is a glycoprotein
58
What features do only SOME prokaryotic cells have
- pili - capsule - plasmids - flagellum
59
Cell wall
Supports cell and prevents it from changing shape
60
Cell membrane
Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
61
Tissue meaning
Group of similar cells specially adapted to work together to carry out a particular function
62
Examples of tissue
Ciliated epithelium, xylem tissue and cartilage
63
Organ definition
Group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function
64
Examples of organs
Leaf, lungs
65
Leafs different tissue
- lower epidermis - contains stomata to let air in and out for gas exchange - spongy mesophyll - full of spaces to let gases circulate - palisade mesophyll - photosynthesis occurs here - xylem - carries water to leaf - phloem - carries nutrients / minerals from leaf - upper epidermis - covered in waterproof waxy cuticle to reduce water loss
66
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along middle of the cell/ equator They attach to the spindle by their centromere
67
Anaphase
Centromeres divide, separating chromatids Spindle fibres contract, pulling chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle Chromatids appear V - shaped
68
Telophase
Chromatids reach opposite poles and uncoil Now chromosomes again !! Nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes so now there are 2 nuclei Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) so now two daughter cells now that are genetically identical to each other
69
Interphase
Cell prepares to divide Cell’s DNA unravels and replicates, to double genetic content and ATP content increases
70
Why is mitosis needed
Growth Repairing damaged tissues Asexual reproduction
71
What is gap phase 1 in cell cycle?
Cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made
72
What is gap phase 2 in cell cycle?
Cell keeps growing and more proteins for cell division are made
73
What is synthesis in cell cycle
Cell replicates its DNA
74
Fertilisation definition
The exact moment when nuclei of male and female gametes fuse
75
Sperm adaption
- mitochondria releases ATP for swimming - flagella allows movement - across one contains digestive enzymes that break down egg cells zona pellucida and enable sperm to penetrate the egg
76
Egg cell adaptation
- follicle cells from protective coating - zona pellucida - protective glycoprotein layer that sperm have to penetrate
77
Site of fertilisation
Oviduct
78
Which comes first cortical or across one reaction
Acrosome
79
How to tell if genes are closely linked
Closer together, more likely to be linked because crossing over is less likely to split them up
80
Why are males more likely than females to show recessive phenotypes do genes that are sex linked
Males only have one X chromosome so they only have one allele for sex linked genes Only one copy so they express the characteristic of allele, even if it’s recessive
81
Monogenic
Characteristic controller by only one gene Discontinuous variation
82
Polygenic
Characteristic controlled vy a number of genes at different loci Continuous variation
83
How does histone modification affect gene expression
Histones are proteins that DNA wrap around to form chromatin Histone acetylation = chromatin less condensed = transcription factors can bind to DNA, transcribing genes Removing acetyl groups = chromatin is highly condensed = transcription factors can’t bind = genes repressed
84
How can epigenetic changes be passed on after cell division
- Epigenetic changes to gene expression may be passed onto resulting daughter cells - certain genes that are activated/deactivated in original cell will also be the same in daughter cells - if epigenetic change happens in response to change in environment, daughter cells will be equipped to dealt the changed environment in the same way as original cell

biology (11 decks)

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