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MED101 BIOLOGY > Cell parts > Flashcards

Cell parts Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

How do light microscopes function?

A

Visible light passes through a specimen

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2
Q

How do electron microscopes function?

A

Focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen (TEM) or onto its surface (SEM)

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3
Q

What is the only method of light microscope that produces a 3D image?

A

Confocal

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4
Q

Describe the bright field technique for light microscopes for unstained specimen

A

Passes light directly through the specimen

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5
Q

Describe the bright field technique for light microscopes for stained specimen

A

Staining with various dyes enhances contrast
Requires cells to be preserved.

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6
Q

Describe phase-contrast technique used for in light microscopes

A

Enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in density.
Useful for examining living unpigmented cells - dividing cells

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7
Q

Describe Differential-interference-contrast technique used for in light microscopes

A

It uses optical modifications to exaggerate differences in density, making the image appear almost 3D

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8
Q

Describe the fluorescence technique used in light microscopes

A

Shows the locations of specific molecules in the cell by tagging the molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies. These fluorescent substances absorb UV and emit visible light.

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?

A

SEM
TEM

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10
Q

What are TEMs?

A

Transmission electron microscopes
Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen
Used to study mainly the internal structure of cells

2D image

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11
Q

What are SEMs?

A

Scanning electron microscopes
Focuses a beam of electrons onto the surface of the specimen
Used to study the surface of the specimen

3D image

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12
Q

What 2 factors does cell fractionation depend on ?

A

Size and Density

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13
Q

What is differential centrifugation dependent on?

A

Size ONLY

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14
Q

What is density-gradient centrifugation dependent on ?

A

Size and shape both

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that make up every organism?

A

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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16
Q

Give 2 examples of unicellular prokaryotic organisms

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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17
Q

Give 2 examples of multicellular eukaryotic organisms

A

Plants
Animals

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18
Q

Where do prokaryotic cells have their DNA located?

A

Nucleoid

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19
Q

Are eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells bigger?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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20
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Intracellular fluid component of cytoplasm which contains ribosomes and proteasome

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21
Q

What does chromatin condense to form?

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

Where is DNA replicated?

A

In the nucleus

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23
Q

Where is DNA transcribed?

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

What is DNA transcribed to?

A

mRNA

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25
Where does translation take place?
Cytoplasm
26
Where is rRNA synthesised?
Nucleolus - denser area in the nucleus
27
What happens after rRNA assembled with proteins?
Forms ribosomes
28
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
29
What are the 2 types of ribosomes ?
Free Bound
30
Where are free ribosomes found?
Cytosol
31
Where are bound ribosomes found?
Bound to the RERE
32
What is the function of free ribosomes?
Synthesize cytosolic proteins
33
What is the function of bound ribosomes?
Synthesize secreted or membrane-bound proteins
34
What is the function of the SER?
Synthesizes lipids
35
What are some functions of the RER?
Protein synthesis Post-transcriptional modification Protein targeting
36
What are some post-transcriptional modifications that can occur in the RER?
Polypeptide cleavage Protein folding Subunit assembly Some chemical modifications
37
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus ?
Modification of proteins and other macromolecules Macromolecule sorting and targeting - sorts and packages biomolecules into transport vesicles Manufacture of certain macromolecules
38
What do lysosomes contain?
Hydrolytic enzymes
39
What is phagocytosis?
Intracellular digestion carried out by lysosomes
40
What is autophagy?
Destruction of damaged organelles
41
What DNA does mitochondria contain?
mtDNA Circular double stranded
42
What are some of the function of peroxisomes?
Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water using their enzymes Detoxification Fatty acid breakdown
43
What are proteasomes?
Giant protein complexes that bind to protein molecules and degrade them
44
How do proteasome carry out their function?
Short-lived cytosolic proteins and non-functional proteins are attached to ubiquitin and targeted to the proteasome for degradation
45
What are the 3 types of filaments the cytoskeleton is made out of?
Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
46
What are microfilaments made out of?
Actin filaments
47
What are intermediate filaments made out of?
Composed by different types of proteins eg keratin
48
What are microtubules made out of?
Tubulin filaments
49
What is the cytoskeleton function?
Mechanical support to the cell Maintains the cell shape Anchors organelles Cell movement
50
What is the continuous polymerisation/depolymerisation of the microtubule controlled by?
GTP Hydrolysis
51
What occurs during GTP hydrolysis?
GTP attached to the beta-tubulin hydrolysed to GDP during tubular polymerisation GTP attached to alpha-tubulin does not hydrolyse during tubulin polymerisation - has a structural role
52
What is the name of the drugs that affect microtubule stability/ formation?
Anti-mitotic drugs
53
Give 2 examples of anti-mitotic drugs
Colchicine Taxol
54
What does colchicine do?
Binds to tubular monomers and inhibits microtubule polymersisation
55
What does taxol do?
Binds to tubular monomers and stabilises microtubules by inhibiting their depolymerisation during mitotic anaphase
56
Give 4 examples of MTOC (Microtubule organising centres)
Centrosome Basal body Polar body Chromosomal kinetochores of the mitotic spindle
57
What is a centrosome?
Consists of a centriole pair, located near the nucleus Found in animal cells only
58
What is the structure of centrioles?
Each consists of 9 triplets of microtubules
59
What is the pericentriolar material?
Space around the centrosome
60
What is the function of the pericentriolar material?
Microtubule nucleation - initiation of polymerisation

MED101 BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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