Cell Physiology

Question 1

Cells have the ability to:

Answer 1

o Metabolize
o Digest food
o Dispose of wastes
o Reproduce
o Grow
o Move
o Respond to a stimulus

Question 2

dissolving medium present in the larger quantity; the body’s main solvent is water

Answer 2

solvent

Question 3

homogeneous mixture of two or more components

Answer 3

Solution

Question 3

components in smaller quantities within a solution

Answer 3

solutes

Question 4

Nucleoplasm and cytosol
Solution containing gases, nutrients, and salts dissolved in water

Answer 4

Intracellular fluid

Question 5

Fluid on the exterior of the cell

Answer 5

Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)

Question 6

Contains thousands of ingredients, such as nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, waste products

Answer 6

Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)

Question 7

is a selectively permeable barrier

Answer 7

plasma membrane

Question 8

Some materials can pass through, while others are excluded
For example:
Nutrients can enter the cell
Undesirable substances are kept out

Answer 8

selectively permeable barrier

Question 9

Two basic methods of transport

Answer 9

passive processes
active processes

Question 10

substances are transported across the membrane without any input from the cell

Answer 10

passive processes

Question 11

the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) to drive the transport process

Answer 11

active processes

Question 12

diffusion and filtration

Answer 12

passive processes

Question 13

Molecule movement is from high concentration to low concentration, down a concentration gradient

Answer 13

diffusion

Question 13

Kinetic energy (energy of motion) causes the molecules to move about randomly

Answer 13

diffusion

Question 13

Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution

Answer 13

diffusion

Question 14

__________ and ________ affect the speed of diffusion

Answer 14

Size of the molecule temperature

Question 14

___________ (energy of motion) causes the molecules to move about randomly

Answer 14

Kinetic energy

Question 15

Molecules will move by diffusion if:

Answer 15

• The molecules are small enough to pass through the membrane’s pores (channels formed by membrane proteins)
• The molecules are lipid-soluble
• The molecules are assisted by a membrane carrier

Question 16

are lipid soluble

Answer 16

molecules

Question 17

channels formed by membrane proteins

Answer 17

membrane’s pores

Question 18

types of diffusion (3)

Answer 18

simple diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion

Question 18

The molecules are small enough to pass through the __________________

Answer 18

membrane’s pores

Question 19

a type of diffusion that is an unassisted process

Answer 19

simple diffusion

Question 20

in this type of diffusion solutes are lipid-soluble or small enough to pass through membrane pores

Answer 20

simple diffusion

Question 21

simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 21

osmosis

Question 22

in this type of diffusion, highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins

Answer 22

osmosis

Question 23

in this type of diffusion, water moves down its concentration gradient

Answer 23

osmosis

Question 24

a solution that have the same solute and water concentrations as cells and cause no visible changes in the cell

Answer 24

isotonic solutions

Question 25

a solution that contain more solutes than the cells do; the cells will begin to shrink

Answer 25

Hypertonic solutions

Question 26

a solution that contain fewer solutes (more water) than the cells do; cells will plump

Answer 26

Hypotonic solutions

Question 27

a type of diffusion that transports lipid-insoluble and large substances

Answer 27

facilitated diffusion

Question 28

Glucose is transported via what kind of diffusion?

Answer 28

facilitated diffusion

Question 29

in this type of diffusion protein membrane channels or protein molecules that act as carriers are used

Answer 29

facilitated diffusion

Question 30

Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure

Answer 30

filtration

Question 31

A pressure gradient must exist that pushes solute-containing fluid (filtrate) from a high-pressure area to a lower-pressure area

Answer 31

filtration

Question 32

It is critical for the kidneys to work properly

Answer 32

filtration

Question 33

___________________________ is used to move substances across a membrane

Answer 33

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 34

Active processes are used when:

Answer 34

- Substances are too large to travel through membrane channels - The membrane may lack special protein carriers for the transport of certain substances - Substances may not be lipid-soluble - Substances may have to move against a concentration gradient

Question 35

In ________________ processes ATP is used to move substances across a membrane

Answer 35

active processes

Question 36

in active transport, amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers known as __________________

Question 37

substances are moved across the membrane “in bulk” without actually crossing the plasma membrane

Answer 37

vesicular transport

Question 37

types of vesicular transport

Answer 37

exocytosis endocytosis

Question 38

types of endocytosis

Answer 38

phagocytosis pinocytosis

Question 39

Mechanism cells use to actively secrete hormones, mucus, and other products

Answer 39

exocytosis

Question 40

a membranous sac called a _________________ that migrates to and combines with the plasma membrane

Answer 40

membranous sac

Question 41

Docking proteins on the vesicles recognize plasma membrane proteins and bind with them

Answer 41

exocytosis

Question 42

types of endocytosis

Answer 42

Phagocytosis—“cell eating” Pinocytosis—“cell drinking” Receptor-mediated endocytosis Preparations: DNA Replication

Question 43

Extracellular substances are enclosed (engulfed) in a membranous vesicle

Answer 43

endocytosis

Question 44

division of the nucleus Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei

Answer 44

mitosis