The Human Body Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
A
anatomy
2
Q
Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts
A
anatomy
3
Q
Large structures
A
gross anatomy
4
Q
Easily observable
A
gross anatomy
5
Q
breaks down food into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for nutrient distribution to body cells; indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces
A
digestive system
6
Q
Structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye
A
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
7
Q
Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a microscope
A
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
8
Q
Structure determines what functions can occur
A
PHYSIOLOGY
9
Q
Study of how the body and its parts work or function
A
PHYSIOLOGY
10
Q
For example, the air sacs of the lungs have very thin walls, a feature that enables them to exchange gases and provide oxygen to the body
A
PHYSIOLOGY
11
Q
Six levels of structural organization
A
- Atoms
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Organisms
12
Q
Forms the external body covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails
A
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
13
Q
o Waterproofs the body
A
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
14
Q
o Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury
A
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
15
Q
o Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight
A
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
16
Q
o Excretes salts in perspiration
A
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
17
Q
Helps regulate body temperature
A
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
18
Q
o Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
A
integumentary system
19
Q
o Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
A
SKELETAL SYSTEM
20
Q
o Provides muscle attachment for movement
A
SKELETAL SYSTEM
21
Q
o Protects vital organs
A
SKELETAL SYSTEM
22
Q
o Stores minerals
A
SKELETAL SYSTEM
23
Q
o Site of blood cell formation
A
SKELETAL SYSTEM
24
Q
o Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)
A
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
25
o Produces movement of bones
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
26
fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
nervous system
27
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
endocrine system
28
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood
cardiovascular system
29
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity
lymphatic system
30
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
respiratory system
31
eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
urinary system
32
o For males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system
Testes produce sperm
Duct system carries sperm to exterior
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
33
maintaining life: necessary life functions
maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness (irritability)
digestion
34
necessary life functions
metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth
35
o Boundaries separate the “inside” from the “outside”
maintaining boundaries
36
o Locomotion
o Movement of substances
movement
36
o Ability to sense changes and react
responsiveness (irritability)
37
- chemical reactions within the body
metabolism
38
o For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Ovaries produce eggs
Uterus provides site of development for fetus
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
39
Breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones
metabolism
40
Builds larger molecules from smaller ones
metabolism
41
Produces energy (ATP)
metabolism
42
o Hormones play a major role
Growth
43
Produces energy (ATP)
metabolism
44
o Eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic reactions
Excretion
45
o Wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or sweat
Excretion
46
o Increases cell size or body size (through increasing the number of cells)
Growth
47
o Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
nutrients
48
o Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
Reproduction
49
survival needs
nutrients
oxygen
water
normal temperature
atmospheric pressure
50
o Chemicals used for energy and cell building
nutrients
51
o Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
nutrients
52
o 60 to 80 percent of body weight
Water
53
o Required for chemical reaction
Oxygen
54
55
o Made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Oxygen
56
o Most abundant chemical in the human body
Water
57
o 37ºC (98.6ºF)
normal body temperature
58
o Most abundant chemical in the human body
Water
59
o Below this temperature, chemical reactions slow and stop
normal body temperature
60
o Below this temperature, chemical reactions slow and stop
normal body temperature
61
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
the language of anatomy
62
o Standard body position used to avoid confusion
Anatomical position
63
Exact terms are used for:
o Position
o Direction
o Regions
o Structures
the language of anatomy
64
o Terminology refers to this position regardless of actual body position
Anatomical position
65
o Standard body position used to avoid confusion
anatomical position
66
o Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body
Anatomical position
67
Explain the location of one body structure in relation to another
directional terms
68
away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
inferior (caudal)
69
toward or at the backside of the body; behind
Posterior (dorsal)
70
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
intermediate
71
close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk
Proximal
72
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
73
away from the body surface; more internal
Deep (internal)
74
Sections are cuts along imaginary lines known as __________
planes
75
________ are cuts along imaginary lines known as planes
sections
76
Three types of planes or sections exist as right angles to one another
transverse plane
median, midsagittal section
frontal or coronal section
77
divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
sagittal section
78
divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
A median or midsagittal section
79
divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
frontal or coronal section
79
two internal body cavities
dorsal and ventral
80
provide varying degrees of protection to organs within them
body cavities
81
Dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions
cranial and spinal cavity
82
o Houses the brain
o Protected by the skull
cranial cavity
83
Houses the spinal cord
Protected by the vertebrae
spinal cavity
84
Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions separated by the diaphragm
1. Thoracic cavity
2. Abdominopelvic cavity
85
Cavity superior to the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
86
Houses heart, lungs, and other organs
Thoracic cavity
87
Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs
Thoracic cavity
88
Protected by the rib cage
Thoracic cavity
89
Cavity inferior to the diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity
90
Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs
Protected only by trunk muscles
Abdominopelvic cavity
91
No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity
92
Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Protected somewhat by bony pelvis
Abdominopelvic cavity
93
Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions
four quadrants
nine regions
94
Other body cavities include:
o Oral and digestive cavities
o Nasal cavity
o Orbital cavities
o Middle ear cavities
95
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions
homeostasis
96
A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance
homeostasis
97
Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
homeostasis
98
Main controlling systems
nervous and endocrine system
99
A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease
homeostatic imbalance
100
All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three components:
receptor,
control center,
and effector
101
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
receptor
102
Sends information to control center along an afferent pathway
receptor
102
Determines set point
control center
103
Analyzes information
control center
104
Determines appropriate response
control center
105
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
effector
105
Information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway
effector
106
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
negative feedback
107
Works like a household thermostat
negative feedback
107
Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
negative feedback
108
Rare in the human body
109
In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
positive feedback
110
Reaction occurs at a faster rate
positive feedback
111
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
positive feedback
