Cell proliferation and apoptosis

Question 1

What are benign tumors

Answer 1

tumors that don’t metastasize

Question 2

What are the reversible proliferative states

Answer 2

regeneration, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia

Question 3

Regeneration +example

Answer 3

1:1 replacement of defective or damaged cells with healthy ones. Liver regeneration

Question 4

Hyperplasia +example

Answer 4

increase in the number of functional cells. smooth muscle proliferation

Question 5

Metaplasia +example

Answer 5

adaptive, protective substitution of one cell type for another. Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 6

Dysplasia

Answer 6

abnormally developing tissue

Question 7

What is an irreversible proliferative state

Answer 7

Neoplasia

Question 8

what is neoplasia

Answer 8

Tumors, benign and malignant, ex:: fibroids

Question 9

Why do most cancers kills

Answer 9

metastasis

Question 10

When does DNA synthesis occur

Answer 10

interphase

Question 11

When does the R point occur and what enzyme functions here

Answer 11

G1/S step, and p53

Question 12

Which cyclin pushes the cell cycle to S phase

Answer 12

cyclin A

Question 13

What cyclin and CDK is associated with G1/S

Answer 13

E and 2

Question 14

Cyclin D is associated with which CDK(s) and cell cycle(s)?

Answer 14

G1, 4 or 6

Question 15

What cyclin and CDK are associated with S phase

Answer 15

A and 2

Question 16

What c yclin and CDK are associated with M phase

Answer 16

B and 1

Question 17

Under what circumstances is Rb active and what does it do

Answer 17

When unphosphorylated in binds E2F to stop transcription

Question 18

Whats are the trademarks of apoptosis

Answer 18

Cell shrinks, organelles remain inside, chromatin systematically degraded, membrane blebs, cell phragments phagocytosed

Question 19

What are the trademarks of necrosis

Answer 19

Cell swells, organelles damaged, chromatin degraded randomly, cell lyses, widespread inflammation

Question 20

What are the two apoptotic pathways and what is the difference

Answer 20

Extrinsic and intrinsic. Intrinsic path can be modulated by Blc proteins

Question 21

What steps do the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis share

Answer 21

Induction and executioon by caspases

Question 22

What are the two physiologic triggers for apoptosis extrinsically

Answer 22

TNF-alpha and FasL

Question 23

How do Bcl proteins function to cause apoptosis

Answer 23

they bind and phosphorylate MT membranes causing channel formation releasing cytochrome c

Question 24

what is the main executioner caspase

Answer 24

caspase 3

Question 25

Hashimoto’s disease is an example of

Answer 25

hypothyroidism