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A Level Biology - Cells > Cell Recognition And The Immune System > Flashcards

Cell Recognition And The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins on molecules enable the immune system to identify …x4

A

Pathogens
Cells from other organisms of the same species
Abnormal body cells
Toxins

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2
Q

What is an antigen

A

Foreign protein generate an immune response when detected by lymphocytes in the body

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3
Q

Define a pathogen

A

A microorganism that can cause diseases

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4
Q

Name x4 types of pathogen

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protists

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5
Q

What are abnormal body cells

A

Cancerous or pathogen infected cells that have abnormal antigens on their surface that trigger an immune response

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6
Q

Are toxins molecules or cells

A

Molecules

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7
Q

Why can antigen variability be a problem

A

Antigens change frequently due to mutations
This is a problem because lymphocytes and memory cells produce a specific immune response
Bind to one antigen once changed it can no longer bind

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8
Q

What is the bodies first line of defence

A

Skin

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9
Q

Which white blood cells which are specific and which are non-specific

A

Phagocytes - non-specific
Lymphocytes- specific

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10
Q

What type of white blood cell is a macrophage

A

Phagocytes

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11
Q

Is phagocytosis specific or non-specific

A

Non-specific

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12
Q

Where are phagocytes found

A

Tissue
Blood

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13
Q

Stage 1 of phagocytosis

A

Pathogens release chemicals
Phagocytes follow the trail and moves towards these cells
The phagocytes have many receptors that will attach to the chemicals or antigens on the pathogen
The phagocyte changes shape to move around and engulf the pathogen
Once engulfed the pathogen forms a phagosome and fuses with a lysosomes
The lysozymes digests the pathogen
The phagocyte then presents the pathogens antigens on it surface to activate other immune system cells.
The phagocyte is an anti-gen presenting phagocyte

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14
Q

What is the purpose of disulphide bridges in a antibody

A

Joins two polypeptide chains

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15
Q

What type of cell are T-lymphocytes

A

White blood cell

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16
Q

Are T-cells specific or non-specific

A

Specific

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17
Q

Where are lymphocytes made

A

In bone marrow

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18
Q

What is cell-mediated response

A

The response involves T-cells and body cells
No antibodies

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19
Q

What is an antigen presenting cell

A

Any cells that presents a non-self antigen on the cell MEMBRANE

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20
Q

Name x2 antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages
Cancer cells

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21
Q

How do T-cells work

A

They have receptors which attach onto the antigens on an antigen-presenting cell
One attached they are activated and divide by mitosis to produce large number of clones
The cloned helper T-cells differentiate into different cells

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22
Q

What can T-cells do x3

A

Helper T-Cells stimulate phagocytes
Activate B-cells to secrete anti toxins
Cytotoxic T-Cells kill foreign cells

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23
Q

How do cytotoxic T-Cells work

A

Release perforin which embeds into cell surface membrane and make a pore
Because any substance can leave or enter the cell dies

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24
Q

Are B-lymphocytes specific or non-specific

A

Specific

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25
Q

What does humoral response involve

A

B cells
Antibodies

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26
Q

How do B-Cells work

A

Antigens binds to antibody on B-cells
B cell takes in antigen by endocytosis then presents it on its cell surface membrane
BCells collide with T-cells receptor which activates B-cell to go through clonal selection
It undergoes mitosis to make cells that differentiate into plasma cells or memory B-cells

27
Q

What do memory B-cells divide into

A

Plasma cells

28
Q

What type of protein structure are antibodies

A

Quaternary
4 polypeptide chains

29
Q

Structure of antibodies

A

Light chain
Heavy chain
Variable region

30
Q

What binds are in an anti body

A

Disulphide bridges

31
Q

What is agglutination

A

Antibodies have 2 binding sites so can bind to 2 antigens
This causes the pathogens to be clumped together

32
Q

Advantage of agglutination

A

Makes it easier for phagocytes to locate and destroy pathogens

33
Q

What is passive immunity

A

When antibodies made by a different organism are added to the body

34
Q

Two types of passive immunity

A

Natural - E.g. antibodies through mothers milk
Artificial - E.g. injected with antibodies

35
Q

Two types of active immunity

A

Natural - become immune after catching a disease
Artifical - immune after been given a vaccination

36
Q

Active vs passive immunity x4 differences

A

Expose to antigen needed vs non expose needed
Take time for protection to develop vs immediate
Memory cells produced vs no memeory cells
Protection long term vs short term

37
Q

X2 uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Pregnancy tests
Anti-cancer drugs targeting cancer cells

38
Q

Where does HIV replicate specifically

A

In helper T-Cells

39
Q

How does direct ELISA test work

A

Add antigen of pathogen to the well
Add antibody with enzyme attached and complimentary shape to the antigen being tested
Wash the well to remove unbound antibody
Substrate for the enzyme is added
If detection antibody is present the enzyme reacts with substrate to give colour change

40
Q

Explain indirect Elisa test

A

HIV antigens bound to the bottom of the well
Sample of blood plasma is added
If HIV specific antibodies are present they will bind to to HIV antigens
Wash well
Second set of antibodies complimentary to specific HIV antibodies are added
Well is washed
Substrate is added if solution changes colour than HIV specific antigen a re present and patient has HIV

41
Q

How is HIV replicated x5

A

Attachment protein attach to receptors on lymphocytes
Capsid and RNA enters cell
Reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA
Viral proteins produced
Virus particles assembles and are released from cell

42
Q

What further test can be done to investigate effectiveness of monoclonal antibody x2

A

Test on other mammals to check for side effects
Test on healthy humans for side effects
Investigate difference concentration to find suitable dosage

43
Q

How does HIV replicate once inside the cell detail x4

A

RNA is converted to DNA using reverse transcriptase
DNA is incorporated into the helper T-Cell DNA
DNA is transcribed into HIV mRNA
HIV mRNA translated into viral proteins

44
Q

How can determining the genome of a virus could allow scientist to develop a vaccine

A

Could identify proteins
They could then identify the antigens to use in the vaccine

45
Q

How do B cells work

A

B cell antibody bond to the pathogens complimentary antigen
The B cell the clones
The plasma cells releases antibodies
B cell the develops into memory cells

46
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody

A

Antibody produced from cloned plasma B cell

47
Q

Why is vaccine nation quicker upon re infection

A

B cells specific to antigen produced by mitosis
B cells produce plasma and memory cells
The second set of antibodies produced at a higher concentration and more quickly

48
Q

How does a antigen presenting cell stimulate the production of an antibody against a virus antigen x4

A

Helper T-Cell binds to the antigen on the antigen presenting cell
The helper T-cell stimulates a specific B cell
B cell divides by mitosis
To produce plasma cells that release antibodies

49
Q

What is an antibody

A

A protein specific to an antigen that is produced by B cells

50
Q

Types of phagocytes

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils

51
Q

What is the difference between macrophage and neutrophil

A

Macrophages can become and antigen presenting cell
But both still carry out phagocytosis

52
Q

What do phagocytes release after engulfing a pathogen and what is its role

A

Chemical can cytokines
Signals to other phagocytes and the immune system cells to the site of infection

53
Q

What 3 things does the specific immune system involve

A

Antibodies
B and T lymphocytes

54
Q

What type of proteins are antibodies

A

Glycoproteins

55
Q

Which cell produces antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

56
Q

Antibodies are part of the ….. response

A

Humoral

57
Q

What type of response is Tcells and why

A

Cell mediated response
On respond to antigens presented on antigen presenting cells

58
Q

X4 role of T-cells

A

Activate B lymphocytes
Stimulate macrophages to perform phagocytosis
Some became memory cells
Some become cytotoxic T -cells

59
Q

How does vaccine lead to production of antibodies x5

A

Vaccine contains antigen from pathogen
Macrophages present antigen on its surface
Specific helper T-cells with complimentary receptors proteins bind to antigen
T-cells stimulate B cells
B cells divide to give plasma cells
B cells secrete large amount of antibodies
B cells divide to form clone which secrete the same antibody

60
Q

Difference between active and passive immunity x5

A

Active in loves memory cells passive does not
Active involves production of antibody by memeory cells passive does not
Passive involves introduction of antibody from outside sources
Passive is short term because antibody is broken down

61
Q

Advantage of programmed cell death

A

Prevents virus replicating

62
Q

Antibodies are which biological molecule

A

Protein

63
Q

E all in how antigen binds to antibody (using key words)

A

Antibody has specific TERTIARY structure
Has BINDING SITE that only binds to one ANTIGEN
Antigen to this antibody is ONLY found on these cells
So antibody BINDS to form ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX

A Level Biology - Cells (6 decks)

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