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Biology IB > Cell respiration > Flashcards

Cell respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Define respiration

A

break down molecules (food) for energy (converted to ATP)

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2
Q

Differentiate breathing and respiration

A

Breathing
- inspiration (inhaling) and exhalation
- mainly to exchange gas
Respiration
- “breathing” (external respiration) under this broader term — encompasses also cellular processes where oxygen is used to produce energy and carbon dioxide is the byproduct // (general): break down of organic molecules to gain energy (-> ATP)

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3
Q

Outline the two types of respiration

A

1.) aerobic(oxygen)

2.) anaerobic (w/o oxygen)

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4
Q

Outline the two types of anaerobic respiration

A

1.) Lactic acid fermentation
2.) Ethanol / Alcoholic fermentation

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5
Q

Differentiate lactic acid and ethanol respiration

A

Ethanol respiration
- Done by plants

Lactic acids
- done by animals

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6
Q

If ethanol respiration is present in bread (yeast breaking down food thus producing ethanol), why don’t we get drunk when making bread?

A

High heat in the baking will cook the alcohol and reduce the alcohol contents to be scarcely sensible

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7
Q

Where is most of the respiration happening?

A

In the mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell)

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8
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain and krebs cycle (DB)?

A

Chemiosmosis

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9
Q

Why does eukaryotic cell has more ATP

A

It has mitochondria — therefore it do the Kreb’s cycle and the electron transport chain

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10
Q

Define glycolysis

A

The breaking down of sugar

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11
Q

Define phosphorylation

A

When a phosphate group adds a phosphate molecule to become unstable (so the added molecule can be rearranged — can break away?)

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12
Q

What is the formula of glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

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13
Q

When a glucose is under glycolysis into 2 molecules what will be their formula?

A

C3 H6 O3

(half of the original formula of glucose)

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14
Q

What kind of respiration is glycolysis?

A

Anaerobic — small net gain of ATP (only 2)

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15
Q

Define cell respiration

A

The controlled release of energy by enzymes: metabolic pathways and cycles

(explanation: via reactions aka metabolic pathways(chains)/cycles the cell is able to produce and control the energy. ig by control, they control some of the enzymes via end-product inhibition for example? not sure)

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16
Q

Where is chemical energy stored?

A

In bonds — which is why respiration is catabolic

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17
Q

How can the energy from glucose be made usable for the body?

A

It must be converted to ATP in order for it to be used by the body

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18
Q

Outline the three organic compounds for energy

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins

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19
Q

Why are lipids so filled with energy

A

Many bonds due to lots of hydrogen bonds (also see the triglycerides)

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20
Q

Define ketones

A

Lipids/fatty acids converted to a form of energy usable by the body

  • Keto diet
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21
Q

Outline the form of ATP

A

light blue pentose - carb (bc of the shape)

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22
Q

Why is the tri-phosphate recognized by energy in the body?

A

The bond between the phosphates contain energy

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23
Q

How do we get ADP (adenosine di-phosphate)

A

When one of the phosphates broke off for energy

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24
Q

How does ADP return to being ATP

A

Stray phosphate bonds to ADP to create ATP (2->3 phosphates)

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25
What is the chemical equation of Cell Respiration 😰
(glucose -> C6 H12 O6) (under the glucose — it says “or other organic molecule”) in regular words: specifically, glucose plus oxygen forms carbon dioxide plus water.(pay attention to those you know)
26
What type of respiration is cell respiration?
Aerobic - as seen in the chemical equation, *there’s oxygen*
27
How many ATP does anaerobic respiration have per glucose?
2 ATP per glucose
28
In animals. what will anaerobic respiration produce?
Glucose - forms -> Lactate + 2 ATP
29
In plants and yeast, what will anaerobic respiration produce?
ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP
30
Where does anaerobic respiration (glycolysis) happen?
Always **cytoplasm** - because it has water — *breaking down* (dissolving?) - also glucose can’t go into mitochondria as is
31
What is anaerobic resp good for:
- short rapid ATP production (easier to break down glucose rather than lipids.) - low oxygen supply in environments (good for anaerobic organisms)
32
When glucose is broken down, what is it called?
Pyruvate
33
contrast aerobic and anaerobic resp. on terms of OSYP
- Oxygen: Aerobic: ✅ ; Anaerobic ❌ - Substrate: Aerobic: Glucose or lipids ; Anaerobic: glucose only - Yield of ATP: Aerobic: larger ; Anaerobic respiration: smaller - Products: Aerobic: CO2 + water; Anaerobic: (Humans; lactate); (Yeast: CO2 and ethanol)
34
Differntiate aerobic and anaerobic respiration
35
Why is the third phosphate that joined to the ADP to create ATP considered “inorganic”? (GUESS)
It is because it was originally not part of the ADP but it joined
36
Give the similarities between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
On the glycolysis part: - glycolysis is an *anaerobic* process - BUT cell respiration (aerobic) HAS glycolysis On the production of CO2: - (Aerobic): e.g. Link reaction produces 2 CO2 (+ 2 NADHs + 2 Acetyl-CoA) from the oxidation of pyruvate - (Anaerobic): In alcohol fermentation, it produces ethanol + Co2 (+2 ATP)
37
Define catabolic pathway
kdown if complex molecules e/g/: hydrolysis
38
Define redox
Oxidation is inseparable with reduction
39
Compare and contrast oxidation and reduction
- **Electrons**: Oxidation: loss; reduction: gain; - **Hydrogen**: loss; gain (if hydrogen is given away then electron is given away — give & take) - **Oxygen**: Gaining Oxygen; losing oxygen; - **Product**: C-O bonds; C-H bonds (because gaining in hydrogen)* - **Energy levels**: compund w/ lower: cmpnd with higher (due to loss/gain of electrons respectively) *Why carbon?: present in all organic compounds — thus in living creatures and their life processes like metabolism Why oxygen? - oxidation: removal of electron -> hydrogen and the addition of oxygen
40
What will be oxidized in cellular respiration (general)0
The glucose (C6H12O6 [glucose] + 6O2 -> 6 Co2 [ *oxidation to become carbon dioxide* — no hydrogen for glucose] + 6 H2O [ *reduction to become water* — adding hydrogen/electrons for O] + energy])
41
Define oxidation
loss of electrons/hydrogen -> less energy
42
What are the electron carriers with their reduced and oxidized form?
- NAD (oxidized) -> NADH (reduced form) - NADP -> NADPH (reduced) - FAD -> FADH2 (reduced)
43
Define reduction
gain of electrons/hydrogen -> more energy
44
why is the reduced form of FAD is FADH*2*
Because it can hold 2 hydrogen atoms
45
What does the hydrogen represent?
Electrons — therefore, it’s an indicator of electron presence
46
What is the other name for pyruvate oxidation?
Link reaction (Because after decarboxylation, the free C atom becomes a *CO2* atom. — oxidation)
47
Outline the four main processes of cell respiration
Glycolysis, link reaction, citric acid cycle/krebs cycle, electron transport chain
48
At the first step (glycolysis), how many ATP is produced?
2 ATP because glycolysis is anaerobic (but not the whole cell resp. bc of ETC)
49
What are the 2 pyruvates converted to in order to get into the mitochondria?
2 Acetyl CoA via *oxidation* (2C -> 3 C)
50
Which stage will yield the most atp
ETC with 34 ATP
51
Describe the cell respiration process of glycolysis? (process + end product)
2 stages: *energy investment and energy harvest.* **Energy investment** - Glucose w/ 6 carbons - 2 ATP borrowed from cytosol and reduced to 2ADP - 2 phosphates of ADP to go to the two ends of glucose — made *unstable to break* [phosphorylation, glc-6-PO4] - [lysis] break down of glucose to 2 pyruvates **Energy Harvest** - Phosphate from cytosol attach to pyruvates — rephosphorylation for later - Will cause NAD -> NADH + H [oxidation of reduced electron carrier, *has an additional hydrogen because each NADH received 2 electrons from G3P*] - [Rephosphorylation] 2 ADP -> ATP [Both process simultaneous, REDOX] **END PRODUCT**: 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP
52
Why does glycolysis only yield 2 ATP at the end?
Because **paid 2 ATP to start reaction [Energy investment], must pay back by 2 ATP** —> *4 ATP (Total “end product”) - 2 ATP(payment) = 2* - also *anaerobic respiration — oxygen not the terminal electron acceptor in glycolysis because the electron carriers like NADH haven’t released their electron (?)*
53
Describe link reaction [3]
**In the matrix** **Main objective: convert the *2 pyruvate to 2 acetyl-CoAs by removing one carbon from the two pyruvate*** 1.) [Decarboxylation] pyruvates *oxidized* get removed. 2.) The stay/freed carbon will be Oxidized (becomes *CO2*) - *If there’s oxidization, there’s reduction* -> NAD -> NADH produced 2 NADH (now from glycolysis, total = 4 NADHs because of the 2 pyruvates). **END PRODUCTS**: 2 Acetyl-CoA (2C) 2 CO2 and 2 NADH
54
Where does glycolysis happen?
Cytosol — water in cytosol break down the glucose
55
Define cristae
The inward fold of the mitochondria membrane to maximize surface area
56
Describe krebs cycle
**objective: have the same start product (bc cycle) and produce as much reduced electron carriers (NADH + FADH2) as possible** **CITRIC ACID CYCLE** 1.) [Citric acid cycle] The acetic acid-CoA (2 carbons) + *oxoloacetate* ( a 4 carbon molecule )-> citrate (6 carbons) **DECARBOXYLATION** - ig to oxidize more NAD -> NADH? 2-3.) [Decarboxylation x2] 6 carbons -> 4 Carbons - [x2 Reduction] NAD -> NADH - [x2 oxidation] C -> CO2 **REGENERATION** 4.) No more carbon of original pryuvate, *the substance become an oxoloacerate to combine with another acetyl-CoA (which is supplied by the link reaction + glycolysis!)* - Reduced reactions: - NAD -> NADH - 2FAD -> 2 FADH2 - 2 ADP -> 2 ATP
57
Describe the electron transport chain
**In the inner membrane — cristae** - [**Oxidative phosphorylation**]: oxidation of hydrogen/electron carriers -> synthesis of ATP -*Objective: create ATP* **STEP 1: Proton Motive Force** - NADH (and FADH2) supplies 2 electrons (in the ETC) *and protons* (@ the matrix) to first carrier in the chain. - The electrons transferred to the electron transport chain - ^ passing through the chain, ^ loses energy due to proton pumps for pumping energy (*pumping the H+ ions*) | matrix -> inter membrane space - creates *electrochemical gradient* (high - inter-membrane space-> low - matrix) — *proton motive force* **STEP 2: CHEMIOSMOSIS** - Due to proton motive force, the protons will return to matrix *via transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase* - By moving through the ATP synthase, the enzyme will rotate, *synthesis of ATP* **STEP 3: Reduction of Oxygen** - De-energized protons (travelled using ATP synth) need to be removed (for the ETC to work) - **Oxygen as final electron receptor** — *removes the de-en. protons by forming water with them via bonding.*
58
Why is it called “chemiosmosis?”
High to low *electron concentration* - like osmosis (passage of water in and out of the cell) - but replace that with *electrons — chemistry-related*
59
Define electron transport chain
Series of electron carriers in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion including the cristae
60
**Why is oxygen the terminal electron acceptor?**
So remove the de-energized protons which where de-energized from travelling using the ATP synthase.
61
Define the mitochondria part “matrix”
62
What is the end product of the electron transport chain?
32-34 ATP (total after cell respiration: 36 ATP — 2 from krebs 2 from glycolysis) H2O NAD+ (reduced, made positive because electrons fueled the proton pumps0 FAD (ditto)
63
Why will the electron transport chain not work if the de-energized protons are not removed?
*Electron flow in the ETC will stop because the reduced NAD cannot go back to NAD -> the supplies of NAD run out (wuh-oh! #shortage alert!) *link reaction and krebs cycle continue no more!**
64
What is the goal of the first step in ETC?
Proton motive force - to make the protons matrix -> intermembrane space (for ATP synthesis) -> matrix to remove the de-energized protons
65
What is the goal of the second step in the electron transport chain?
To produce ATP by making the protons go through ATP synthase
66
What is the goal of the third step in electron transport chain?
To remove the de-energized protons so there’s a steady supply of NADH
67
After cell respiration, what are the products?
34-36 ATPs (2 from Glycolysis, 2 from Krebs, 34 from ETC)
68
Why does phosphorylation make bonds more unstable?
It makes bonds more unstable because the addition phosphate: ^ energy = ^ mvmt = ^ more chance for the bond to break = ^ instability
69
What is the purpose of krebs cycle in cell respiration?
To produce many electron carriers (3 NADHs, 1 FADH + 2 ATPs — additional)
70
What is the purpose of yeast undergoing respiration?
To make the bread rise - by trapping the end products of anaerobic reaction (water, *Co2*) inside bread dough as *pockets of gas* - The Co2 expands -> bread rise
71
What type of cells does anaerobic reaction take place? And how is this related to their structure?
*Prokaryotic cells*; - because they have no mitochondria; - no krebs cycle, and ETC (that’s why they only yield 2 ATP — can only do glycolysis);

Biology IB (32 decks)

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