Cell Respiration

Question 1

what is cellular respiration?

Answer 1

respiration at a cellular level

putting third phosphate back from ADP when it has been used

ADP-ATP

Question 2

what are the uses of energy in the cells?

Answer 2

metabolism

movement

growth

cell division

action potentials

Question 3

what is the universal energy currency?

Answer 3

ATP

Question 4

what is the primary energy source to generate ATP?

Answer 4

glucose

Question 5

what does 1 glucose molecule create?

Answer 5

36 ATP

36ADP - 36ATP

Question 6

what are the 2 locations where cellular respiration occur?

Answer 6

cytoplasm

mitochondria

Question 7

what is the role of ATP?

Answer 7

offers immediate, usable energy needed by body cells

catabolic reaction (releases energy)

Question 8

what binds to enzymes to release molecules to break bonds?

Answer 8

high energy terminal phosphate

Question 9

what is redox reaction?

Answer 9

oxidation reduction reactions to release glucose from molecules

Question 10

how do organic molecules carry their energy?

Answer 10

high energy electrons release their energy as thet move to a lower energy state

Question 11

what moves with electron with oxidation/reduction?

Answer 11

hydrogen due to being close to nucles and only having one electron

Question 12

what is oxidation?

Answer 12

loss of electrons

Question 13

what is reduction?

Answer 13

gain of electrons

Question 14

what does OIL RIG stand for?

Answer 14

oxygen is loss

reduction is gain

Question 15

what is NAD and FAD?

Answer 15

electron carriers that temoporary stores electrons when glucose is removed from electron

Question 16

what does NAD and FAD become when electrons are stored and how many do they hold?

Answer 16

NAD - NADH + H+

FAD - FADH2

2 electrons held at a time

Question 17

what happens after NAD and FAD storage ?

Answer 17

transports the electrons to a small “machine” to use the energy to make ATP

Question 18

what is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Answer 18

metabolic reaction that forms ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP form another phosphorylated compound

(one way to attach P to ADP)

Question 19

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 19

process where the energy stored from NADH and FADH2 is used to produce ATP

makes up the rest of the 32 ATP

occurs in mitochondria

Question 20

what is glycolysis?

Answer 20

the breaking down of glucose

Question 21

what are the 4 stages of glucose catabolism?

Answer 21

1) glycolysis
2) pyruvic acid oxidation
3) Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle)
4) Electron transport chain

Question 22

where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 22

in cytosol

Question 23

where does pyruvic acid oxidation occur?

Answer 23

in mitochondrial matrix

Question 24

where does kreb’s cycle occur?

Answer 24

in mitochondrial matrix

Question 25

where does electron transort chain occur?

Answer 25

mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 26

what happens with glycolysis?

Answer 26

glucose is rushed into the cell phosphate by ATP is attached to glucose in cell so it stays inside glucose molecule is then energized and forms 6C compunds which are then split the 3C compounds (pyruvic acid) are ozidized and stores by NAD+ (1 6 carbon compound - 2 3 carbon compounds)

Question 27

what are the results of glycolysis?

Answer 27

2 pyruvic acid molecules 2 ATP molecules 2 NADH C6H12O6 - C3H4O6 due to 2 other hydrogen used in first step of glycolysis

Question 28

what is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 28

when pyruvic acid turns into lactic acid due to no oxygen once onygen is available again, lactic acid returns back to pyruvic acid hydrogen is returned to pyruvic acid to become lactic acid

Question 29

how is acetyl coenzyme A formed from pyruvic acid?

Answer 29

pyruvic acid enters mitochondria carbon is removed and CO2 is produced to leave when exhaling NAD removes electrons/hydrogen (resorption) the remainder of the pyruvic acid is attached to co-enzyme A to produce acetyl-CoA

Question 30

what is the result of oxidation of pyruvic acid?

Answer 30

2 CO2 2 NADH 2 Acetyl-CoA

Question 31

what is the thirs step for cell respiration?

Answer 31

kreb's cycle AKA citric acid cycle

Question 32

what are the steps of the kreb's cycle?

Answer 32

1) 3 carbon molecules goes under pyruvic oxidation- takes one carbon molecules off to make a 2 carbon-compound (acetyl CoA) rest gets exhaled as Co2 reduction happens with NAD+ to form NADH (preparation step) step 1) acetyl CoA (2 carbon) merges with some oxaloacetic acid (4 carbon-complex) = 6 carbon molecule (citric acid) step 2) citric acid is oxidized and converted to another molecule that gets oxidized by NAD+, which loses a carbon as Co2 = 5 carbon molecules step 3) another carbon gets oxidized by NAD+ to lose another carbon = 4 carbon molecules step 4) the remaining 4 carbon molecules gets converted back to the 4 carbon compound (oxaloacetate) = 1 NADH + FADH2 step 5) one more ATP is made directly

Question 33

what is the net result of the kreb's cycle?

Answer 33

4 CO2 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP \*\*2 cycles of kreb's / 1 glucose molecule\*\*

Question 34

what step occurs after kreb's cycle?

Answer 34

electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 35

what does the ETC consist of?

Answer 35

series of protein complex embedded in inner membrane of mitochondria 4 total

Question 36

how are the electrons passed along the protein complex chain?

Answer 36

transfers from one protein to another due to oxidation/reduction between 2 protein complex each protein complex that comes after has a higher attraction than the one before

Question 37

what is Chemiosmosis?

Answer 37

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. uses the energy stored in the hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane to produce ATP

Question 38

what are the 2 parts of Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Answer 38

1) electron transport chain 2) chemiosmosis

Question 39

what is the difference of NADH vs FADH2?

Answer 39

NADH passes its electrons to the beginning of the electron transport chain (produces 3 ATP) FADH2 passes its electrons later down the chain (Complex II) (produces 2 ATP) less energy is released as electrons are passed along the protein chain

Question 40

why does it say we should produce 38 ATP but there's is only 36?

Answer 40

the transport of NADH from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix leads to the loss of 2 ATP

Question 41

what is the importance of water in cellular respiration?

Answer 41

- It combines the electrons from the end of the ETC with hydrogen ions available from the matrix and forms water

Question 42

what happens when there is an absence of O2 for cellular respiration?

Answer 42

in **mitochondria:** - the electrons that are being passed down the ETC have nowhere to go which then gets filled up with no where to go - NAD+ and FAD won’t be regenerated **cytosol:** Glycolysis will eventually stop because there would be no NAD+ to take part in the reactions A series of reactions have evolved to regenerate NAD+ from NADH, in the process turning pyruvic acid into lactic acid = anaerobic respiration

Question 43

what is Anaerobic respiration?

Answer 43

when there is no oxigen present so the pruvic acid turns into lactic acid