Resistance & Immunity 2

Question 1

what is immunization?

Answer 1

the process by which resistance to a disease can be induced or augmented

Question 2

what are the 2 different ways of immunization?

Answer 2

1) Induced
2) Augmented

Question 3

what is induced immunization?

Answer 3

stimulating immunity of the body to a specific disease it has not yet encountered so preventing infection

AKA giving someone a vaccine

Question 4

what is augmented immunization?

Answer 4

supplementing / boosting the bodies own response to a particular disease

AKA throug injection of specific antibodies

Question 5

what are the three different types of vaccinations can we do for active immunization?

Answer 5

1) Injection of dead organisms
2) Injection of modified toxins (toxoids)
3) injection of life attenuated organisms

Question 6

what type of passive immunization can you inject?

Answer 6

injections of antibodies

Question 7

what are conditions that may result due to a compromised immune system?

Answer 7

1) immunological tolerance
2) Autoimmune Diseases: failure of the immunological tolerance
3) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Question 8

what is immunological tolerance?

Answer 8

The immune cells do not react to and attack the body`s own proteins and tissues

does not differentiate between self vs non-self

Question 9

what is autoimmune disease?

Answer 9

failure of the immunological tolerance

more common in females

Activation of cytotoxic T cells

Production of autoantibodies

Question 10

what is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome?

Answer 10

The human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infects and kills helper T cells

treatment: Antiretroviral therapy

Question 11

what are the 4 major blood groups in human?

Answer 11

1) A
2) B
3) AB
4) O

Question 12

how is a particular blood type determined?

Answer 12

by the presence of specific proteins (& attached carbohydrates)

Question 13

where are the specific proteins (& attached carbohydrates) found in the body and what are they called?

Answer 13

1) attached to the RBC membranes (antigens)
2) in the plasma (antibodies/agglutinins)

Question 14

what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type A blood?

Answer 14

A antigens

Question 15

what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type B blood?

Answer 15

B Antigens

Question 16

what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type AB blood?

Answer 16

A and B antigens

Question 17

what are the specific types of proteins on the RBC membrane for type O blood?

Answer 17

zero antigens

Question 18

what are the specfic proteins found in the plasma for type A blood?

Answer 18

anti-B antibodies

Question 19

what are the specfic proteins found in the plasma for type B blood?

Answer 19

anti-A antibodies

Question 20

what are the specific proteins found in plasma for type AB blood?

Answer 20

no antibodies

Question 21

what are the specific proteins found in plasma for type O blood?

Answer 21

A and B antibodies

Question 22

what happens if RBC are placed into plasma that contains the opposite antibody?

Answer 22

agglutination and subsequent hemolysis will result

AKA red blood cells will be broken down

Question 23

how do we determine blood type?

Answer 23

by mixing anti A and anti-B serums with different red blood cells and seeing id they hemolyse (break down)

**whatever RBC is broken down by the serum determines the type**

Question 24

what is the ideal/perfect way to do a blood transfusion?

Answer 24

have the exact same type of blood to transfer

or

make sure recipients plasma does not have the antibody that will cause the donor cells to break down

Question 25

what are the possible donars for each blood type recipient?

Answer 25

A = A O B = B O AB = AB A B O O = O (universal donor)

Question 26

what is another important antigen in matching blood types?

Answer 26

Rh antigen the body does not normally have Rh antibodies sow hen a body is exposed to it, the body sees it as a foreign object and makes antibodies against it. important during pregnancy

Question 27

what happens with first pregnancy and the Rh factor?

Answer 27

when the baby is born, some of the Rh that the baby has been induced with by the dad will enter the mother which will produce anti-Rh antibodies between pregnancies.

Question 28

what could happen with the second pregnancy when the mother has anti-Rh antibodies and her unborn baby is Rh positive?

Answer 28

the antibodies from the mother will cross the placenta and cause agglutination and destroy RBC of baby