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cell respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

to release energy by oxidizing molecules of glucose to carbon dioxide

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2
Q

what does oxidation mean?

A

a loss of electrons

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3
Q

what does reduced mean?

A

a gain of electrons

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4
Q

what % glucose is converted to energy and how much is released?

A

36% is converted to ATP

64% is given off as heat to help maintain body temperature

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5
Q

what are the electron carriers in cellular respiration?

A
  1. NADH

2. FADH2

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6
Q

what are the 5 parts of the mitochondria?

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. inner membrane
  3. inter-membrane space
  4. matrix
  5. cristae
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7
Q

what are the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. electron transport chain
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8
Q

what are the two pathways of cellular respiration?

A
  1. aerobic

2. anaerobic

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9
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

a cellular respiration pathway that requires oxygen in order for reactions to occur

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10
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm (outside of the mitochondria)

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11
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

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12
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

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13
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

the first of 4 steps in aerobic CR, this is the process of a single glucose molecule being broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing 2 NADH and 2 ATP in the process

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14
Q

what is pyruvate oxidation?

A
  • this is the second step in aerobic CR
  • this is the process of pyruvate losing a carbon atom as CO2, the pyruvate then become a 2 carbon molecule bonded with an acetyl group
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15
Q

what are the end products of pyruvate oxidation?

A
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 CO2
  • 2 acetyl CoA
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16
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

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17
Q

is pyruvate oxidation aerobic or anaerobic?

18
Q

where does Krebs cycle occur?

Study These Flashcards
A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

19
Q

is Krebs cycle anaerobic or aerobic?

20
Q

what are the end products of Krebs cycle?

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A
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 4 CO2
  • 2 ATP
21
Q

what has happened to all 6 carbon atoms by the end of Krebs cycle?

Study These Flashcards
A

they have all been oxidized and released as CO2

22
Q

how many ATP are produced by the end of stage 3?

23
Q

how many ATP are produced by the end of stage 4?

24
Q

how many NADH are produced by the end of stage 3?

25
what type of cell contains the highest number of mitochondria?
muscle
26
what is the first electron acceptor?
NADH
27
what is the second electron acceptor?
FADH2
28
what is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
O2
29
what stage of CR does not directly produce ATP?
pyruvate oxidation
30
what us the main role of FADH2?
to accept electrons
31
when does anaerobic respiration occur?
in the absence of oxygen
32
what does anaerobic respiration result in?
incomplete oxidation of glucose
33
how many stages are in anaerobic respiration?
2
34
what is the first stage of anaerobic respiration?
glycolysis
35
why doesn't anaerobic respiration have a functioning electron transport chain?
because there is no oxygen present to grab electrons off ETC at the end
36
what are the 2 main methods of anaerobically recycling NADH?
1. alcohol fermentation | 2. lactic acid fermentation
37
what is fermentation?
a metabolic pathway that includes glycolysis and one or two other reactions in which MADH is oxidized to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate
38
what is alcohol fermentation?
a carbon dioxide molecule is removed from pyruvate (2) creating a 2 carbon molecule called acetaldehyde (2) , NADH (2) then passes their e- and H+ to acetaldehyde, creating NAD+ (2) and ethanol (2)
39
what is lactic acid fermentation?
NADH generated during glycolysis transfers its H+ to pyruvate, changing it to lactic acid and regenerating NAD+
40
what happens when there is an accumulation of lactic acid in the body?
can cause stiffness and fatigue
41
when does lactic acid fermentation occur?
mainly during times of strenuous exercise, when muscles require more ATP then aerobic respiration can provide
42
what stage(s) of anaerobic respiration does ATP get produced?
just during glycolysis, so only 2 ATP are produced

bio-20 (10 decks)

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