respiratory quiz #1

Question 1

what are the main functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

• to take in oxygen from external environments

- the remove carbon dioxide from each cell and expel it into the external environment

Question 2

what are the two requirements for respiration?

Answer 2

• large surface area for respiration

- must take place in a moist environments

Question 3

what is the 4-stage process of respiration?

Answer 3

1. breathing
2. external respiration
3. internal respiration
4. cellular respiration

Question 4

what is the 3rd stage of respiration?

Answer 4

internal respiration

Question 5

what is the 1st stage of respiration?

Answer 5

breathing

Question 6

what is the 4th stage of respiration?

Answer 6

cellular respiration

Question 7

what is the 2nd stage of respiration?

Answer 7

external respiration

Question 8

what is breathing?

Answer 8

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Question 9

what is external respiration?

Answer 9

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the lungs

Question 10

what is internal respiration?

Answer 10

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the blood and body tissues

Question 11

what is cellular respiration?

Answer 11

the oxidation of glucose for energy

Question 12

what does glucose + oxygen produce?

Answer 12

carbon dioxide and water ATP

Question 13

what are the organs of breathing and in what order does air enter them?

Answer 13

nose –> nasal cavities + sinuses –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli –> lung capillaries

Question 14

in what organ of breathing does oxygen enter the bloodstream?

Answer 14

in the lung capillaries

Question 15

what is the nasal passage?

Answer 15

• warm, moistens and cleans incoming air
• lined with ciliated cells - sweep foreign particles back into the nose
• secretes mucus - traps foreign particles and moistens the air
• filled with capillaries

Question 16

what is the pharynx?

Answer 16

• common passageway for air and food

- aka. throat

Question 17

what is the larynx?

Answer 17

• made of cartilage and contains the vocal cords

- aka. voice box

Question 18

where are the vocal cords located?

Answer 18

in the larynx

Question 19

what is the sound of our voice?

Answer 19

the vibration of the vocal cords when air is forced through

Question 20

what is the epiglottis?

Answer 20

a flap in the larynx that covers the opening to the trachea when food is swallowed (prevents choking)

Question 21

what is the glottis?

Answer 21

opening from the pharynx to the larynx

Question 22

what is the trachea?

Answer 22

• a tube that extends from the pharynx into the chest cavity
• composed of cartilaginous rings which keep it open
• carries air from the nose to bronchi
• cilia beat upwards to keep out particles
• aka. windpipe

Question 23

what direction do cilia beat in the trachea?

Answer 23

upwards to keep out particles

Question 24

what is the pharynx also known as?

Answer 24

the throat

Question 25

what is the larynx also known as?

Answer 25

the voice box

Question 26

what is the trachea also known as?

Answer 26

the windpipe

Question 27

what are the bronchi?

Answer 27

- the branches at the end of the trachea - one leads to the left lung, the other to the right - composed of cartilaginous rings

Question 28

what two organs of breathing are composed of cartilaginous rings?

Answer 28

- the trachea | - the bronchi

Question 29

what are the bronchioles

Answer 29

- small branches that lead from the bronchi and spread out within the lungs - they are lined with cilia and mucus

Question 30

what happens as the bronchioles branch out?

Answer 30

they increase surface area, resulting in a highly efficient system

Question 31

what are alveoli?

Answer 31

- grape-like clusters at the end of bronchioles - surrounded by capillaries - site of gas exchange (one cell thick) - moist to ensure efficient gas diffusion

Question 32

how many alveoli are in one pair of lungs?

Answer 32

about 300 million

Question 33

what are alveoli surrounded by?

Answer 33

capillaries

Question 34

what are lungs?

Answer 34

- spongy-like due to alveolar sacs - contain cilia to protect from microbes and dust - monocytes hide in lung tissue waiting for foreign invaders

Question 35

how many lobes does each lung have?

Answer 35

right: 3 lobes left: 2 lobes

Question 36

what is the purpose of monocytes in lung tissue?

Answer 36

to fight foreign invaders

Question 37

what is the pleura membrane?

Answer 37

- each lung is surrounded by a pleura membrane - thin, double membrane with fluid in between the visceral pleura from the parietal pleural membrane - decrease friction - stick the lungs to the chests that they expand and contract when the chest moves

Question 38

what is pleurisy?

Answer 38

- inflammation of the pleural membrane - causes build up of fluids in the cavity - puts pressure on the lungs - harder to breathe

Question 39

what is the thoracic cavity?

Answer 39

- the cavity in the vertebrae body enclosed by the ribs between - aka. chest cavity

Question 40

are the lungs muscles?

Answer 40

no, they do not contract and expand on their own

Question 41

what must happen in order for air to be drawn into the lungs?

Answer 41

a change in pressure

Question 42

what two muscles establish a change in pressure in the lungs?

Answer 42

1. the diaphragm | 2. intercostal muscles

Question 43

what is the diaphragm?

Answer 43

- a dome shaped layer of muscle at the bottom of the thoracic cavity - controls air pressure in the lungs

Question 44

what are the intercostal muscles

Answer 44

- muscles found between and on the inside of the ribs | - control air pressure in the lungs

Question 45

what is Boyle's law?

Answer 45

P1V1 = P2V2

Question 46

what is the pressure differences concept?

Answer 46

- air will always move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure - pressure of an area is dependant on volume changes of an area

Question 47

what happens to pressure when volume increases?

Answer 47

pressure decreases

Question 48

what happens to pressure when volume decreases?

Answer 48

pressure increases

Question 49

what determines the movement of gases into and out of the lungs?

Answer 49

pressure differences in the atmosphere and the chest cavity

Question 50

what happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 50

insp: contraction exp: relaxation

Question 51

what happens to the ribs during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 51

insp: move out and up exp: move in and down

Question 52

what happens to the diaphragm during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 52

insp: contract and moves up and down exp: relaxes back down into dome shape

Question 53

what happens to the volume of the chest cavity during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 53

insp: volume increases exp: volume decreases

Question 54

what happens to the pressure in the chest cavity during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 54

insp: pressure decreases exp: pressure increases

Question 55

what happens to the direction of air flow during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 55

insp: air drawn in exp: air forced out

Question 56

what is the medical term for lungs collapsing?

Answer 56

pneumothorax

Question 57

what is pneumothorax?

Answer 57

this is when air collects between the pleura because of injury, the pressure outside of the lungs then causes them to contract

Question 58

what do doctors do to fix pneumothorax?

Answer 58

they insert a tube into the chest to withdraw the air that has entered the pleura, allowing the lung to re-inflate

Question 59

what is a spirograph?

Answer 59

a representation of the amount of air moving in and out of the lungs

Question 60

what is tidal volume?

Answer 60

the amount of air moved by a normal individual at rest

Question 61

what is the average tidal volume?

Answer 61

500mL

Question 62

what is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 62

the max volume of gas that can be expired beyond the end of tidal expiration

Question 63

what is the average expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 63

1500mL

Question 64

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 64

the max volume of gas that can be inspired from the end of tidal inspiration

Question 65

what is the average inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 65

3000mL

Question 66

what is residual volume?

Answer 66

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after max expiration

Question 67

what is the average residual volume?

Answer 67

1200mL

Question 68

what is vital capacity?

Answer 68

the max amount of gas that can be inspired after max expiration

Question 69

what is the formula for vital capacity?

Answer 69

tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Question 70

what is the average vital capacity?

Answer 70

males: 5000mL females: 4500mL

Question 71

what is total lung capacity?

Answer 71

vital capacity + residual volume

Question 72

what is the average total lung capacity?

Answer 72

6000mL

Question 73

what are the different air volumes of the lungs?

Answer 73

tidal volume (normal breathing), expiratory reserve volume (max expiration below tidal expiration), inspiratory reserve volume (max inspiration above tidal inspiration), vital capacity (max inspiration after max expiration), residual volume (air volume always left over in the lungs after max expiration), total lung volume (vital capacity + residual volume)