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Biology A Level > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

The nucleus contains the genetic material of the cell and controls the activities.

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2
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

The nuclear envelope is the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

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3
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

It controls what goes in and out of the cell,

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4
Q

What are the nuclear pores?

A

They are holes that allow the passage of large molecules in/out of the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

Granular, jelly like substance that makes up most of the nucleus

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6
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A small spherical region in the nucleus.

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes

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8
Q

What is the main function of the mitochondria?

A

Produce energy in the form of ATP

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9
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

They have a double membrane structure.

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10
Q

What are cristae?

A

Extensions of the inner membrane

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11
Q

What do cristae provide?

A

They provide a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration

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12
Q

What is the matrix?

A

A jelly substance in the mitochondria that contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA

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13
Q

What part of respiration takes place in the mitochondria?

A

The aerobic part (Krebs cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway)

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14
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

To carry out photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is the chloroplast envelope?

A

double plasma membrane that surrounds the organelle

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16
Q

What does the chloroplast envelope do?

A

Controls what comes in and out of the organelle as it is highly selective

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17
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of up to 100 thylakoids

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18
Q

What are thylakoids

A

Disks that contain chlorophyll.

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19
Q

What takes place in the thylakoids?

A

The first stage of photosynthesis (light absorption)

20
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Fluid filled matrix

21
Q

What takes place in the stroma?

A

The second stage of photosynthesis (synthesis of sugars)

22
Q

What do the granal membranes provide?

A

Large surface area for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers and enzymes that carry out the first stage of photosynthesis.

23
Q

What is in the stroma?

A

All the enzymes for the second stage of photosynthesis

24
Q

Do chloroplasts have any other organelles?

A

They have ribosomes and their own DNA

25
Q

What is the ER?

A

System composed of sheet like membranes.

26
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

ER with attached ribosomes

27
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

Provide large surface area for the synthesis of proteins. Provide a pathway for the transport of materials throughout the cell

28
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

To synthesise store and transport lipids. To synthesise store and transport carbohydrates.

29
Q

What is the golgi body?

A

Stacks of membranes that make up flattened disks with small hollow rounded structures called vesicles.

30
Q

What is the function of the golgi body?

A

To modify proteins, often adding non protein elements such as carbohydrates. Produce secretory enzymes. Secrete carbohydrates. Transport store and modify lipids. Form lysosomes.

31
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Vesicles containing enzymes such as proteases and lipases.

32
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells. Release enzymes outside of the cell. Digest worn out organelles. Completely break down cells after death (autolysis

33
Q

Where are lysosomes especially abundant?

A

In secretory cells such as epithelial cells and in phagocytic cells.

34
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Small cytoplasmic granules

35
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To synthesise proteins

36
Q

What size of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

A

80S

37
Q

What size of ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

A

70S

38
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Two subunits

39
Q

What are the subunits called?

A

Large and Small

40
Q

What do the subunits contain?

A

Ribosomal RNA and proteins

41
Q

What is a cell wall made from?

A

Microfibrils of the polysaccharide cellulose

42
Q

What does the cell wall provide?

A

It holds the cells turgid, prevents them from bursting. Also allows water to pass along it.

43
Q

What are the cell walls of fungi made from?

A

Chitin (another polysaccharide)

44
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

Thin layer that marks the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements adjacent cells together.

45
Q

What does the vacuole contain?

A

Mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes and sometimes pigments.

46
Q

Waht do vacuoles do to the cell?

A

Keep the cell turgid. The sugars and amino acids can act as a temporary store of food.

47
Q

What do the pigments in the vacuole do for the plant?

A

Attract pollinating insects

Biology A Level (2 decks)

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