Cell Structure

Question 1

Define the Cell

Answer 1

the simplest unit of life, found in all living things

Question 2

what do living things have to be able to do?

Answer 2

grow,
obtain nutrients and excrete waste, reproduce
be responsive to their environment

Question 3

Define Unicellular

Answer 3

contains only one cell

Question 4

Define Multicellular

Answer 4

contains multiple, genetically identical cells

(genetically identical cells contain the same DNA but can differ in shape, size and function)

Question 5

Describe cellular organization

Answer 5

cells —> tissues —> organs —> organ systems

Question 6

Define Tissues

Answer 6

groups of cells similar in shape, size and function

capable of recognizing each other and sticking to each other

Question 7

Define Organs

Answer 7

groups of different tissues working together to perform a specialized function

Question 8

Define organ systems

Answer 8

groups of organs that have related (not identical) functions

Question 9

Define organelles

Answer 9

structures inside a cell which perform the functions necessary for cellular survival

Question 10

Define Prokaryotic cells

Answer 10

simplest cells, lacking membrane bound organelles

smaller and simpler than eukaryotic

only found in bacteria and archaea

Question 11

What are mitochondria responsible for and where are they found?

Answer 11

responsible for providing the cell with energy

suspended in the cytoplasm

Question 12

What do mitochondria look like

Answer 12

ovals with finger like projections towards the center

Question 13

Define Cristae

Answer 13

Finger like projections cause by the folding of the mitochondria’s inner membrane

Question 14

Define cellular respiration

Answer 14

the process of deriving energy from broken down nutrients

Question 15

How does cellular respiration work

Answer 15

food particles (glucose) are reacted with oxygen molecules at the cristae, producing water, carbon monoxide and oxygen

Question 16

What Formula is this :

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

Answer 16

Cellular Respiration

Question 17

Where does the energy produced through cellular respiration go?

Answer 17

The energy gets trapped in Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP molecules)

• ATP is the basic unit of energy in all living things

Question 18

Describe the process of Cellular Respiration (atp)

Answer 18

when a chemical reaction requires energy to occur,

a molecule of ATP breaks one of its phosphate bonds

and uses the energy from that broken bond for the chemical reaction

Question 19

After ATP is used to provide energy to a chemical reaction, what does the ATP turn into?

Answer 19

After using a phosphate, ATP becomes Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Question 20

Where does the ADP go to get its phosphate bond replenished?

Answer 20

The Cristae

Question 21

Describe what happens to the energy of cellular respiration.

(where does the energy get used)

Answer 21

1/3 gets converted into ATP

2/3 is lost to thermal energy (heat)

Question 22

Define Endosymbiosis and an example it was used

Answer 22

one organism living within another organism

example: mitochondria

Question 23

What is so special about the mitochondria?

Answer 23

They are the only organelle with their own DNA, besides the nucleus

They also reproduce separately from the rest of the cell and are inherited through the mothers egg

Question 24

Define Cytoplasm

Answer 24

fluid in the cell OUTSIDE the nucleus

Question 25

Define Nucleoplasm

Answer 25

fluid INSIDE the nucleus

Question 26

Define Nucleus

Answer 26

organelle responsible for storing and protecting the cell genetics info (DNA) and directing protein synthesis

Question 27

Define Chromosomes

Answer 27

the cells DNA, stored in coiled, thread like structures

Question 28

Define Nuclear Membrane

Answer 28

double layered outer membrane of the nucleus responsible for forming a barrier between DNA and the Cytoplasm * is semi-permeable

Question 29

Define Semi- Permeable

Answer 29

selects which materials may enter or exit

Question 30

Define Nuclear Pores

Answer 30

allows material to be transported in and out of the nucleus * the nuclear membrane contains nuclear pores

Question 31

Define Nucleolus

Answer 31

the structure responsible for building ribosomes * stored in the nucleus, as well as the chromosomes *nucleus is like city hall

Question 32

Define the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 32

a series of **membranous canals coming from the nucleus that extend through the cytoplasm** allows for **rapid transportation of materials throughout the cell** * think of ER as the highway system the space between the two layers of nuclear membrane becomes the ER

Question 33

Define Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 33

regular ER covered in ribosomes appears bumpy **attached ribosomes allow for rapid production and secretion of proteins** *make proteins for outside of the cell

Question 34

Define Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 34

regular ER that lacks attached ribosomes appears smooth responsible for producing lipids *cells that secrete lots of lipids require lots of SER * make proteins for inside of the cell

Question 35

Define Ribosomes

Answer 35

responsible for producing proteins found attached to the ER or suspended in the cytoplasm smallest organelle found in both types of cells * think of ribosomes as the factories of the cell

Question 36

Define Golgi Bodies

Answer 36

responsible for packing proteins and lipids to be secreted from the cell looks like a stack of pancakes * post office of the cell

Question 37

Describe the transportation of lipids and proteins to exit the cell

Answer 37

lipids and proteins destined to exit the cell go from the ER to the golgi bodies golgi bodies wrap them up in a membrane and attaches them to Glycoproteins Glycoproteins allow them to pass through the cell membrane

Question 38

Describe Lysosomes

Answer 38

responsible for recycling old cell parts, breaking down food particles and destroying pathogens uses a combo of enzymes and free radicals * think of them as police and garbage collectors

Question 39

What are free radicals

Answer 39

charged oxygen ions designed to rip apart unwanted proteins

Question 40

When does Pus appear

Answer 40

when cells are dying faster than the body’s lysosomes can recycle clean cell parts Pus- build up of cellular debris

Question 41

Cells contain lysosomes when: think police

Answer 41

they need to break down dangerous chemicals or pathogens

Question 42

Describe the cell membrane

Answer 42

envelope that surround the cytoplasm function : to hold the contents of the cytoplasm regulate the transport in and out of the cell imports nutrients and excrete waste consists of a phospholipid bilayer that’s semi-permeable * think border guard

Question 43

Describe the Cell Wall

Answer 43

only in plant cells, surrounds cell membrane provides shape and rigidity made of cellulose (carbs)

Question 44

Describe Vacuoles

Answer 44

only in plant cells large, fluid filled sac —> looks like a large bubble stores nutrients and water

Question 45

Describe Plastids

Answer 45

only in plant cell produce + store sugar molecules contains pigments

Question 46

Describe pigments (specifically chlorophyll)

Answer 46

**chemicals responsible for performing photosynthesis** use visible light energy to react carbon dioxide with water forming sugar and oxygen

Question 47

What formula is this? Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Answer 47

Photosynthesis formula

Question 48

Describe Chloroplasts

Answer 48

most common plastid contains chlorophyll (green pigment)

Question 49

Describe Chromoplasts

Answer 49

plastids containing orange + yellow pigments, which give some flowers their color