Cell Structure Flashcards by Ines T

Name 13 structures found in plant cells

-Mitochondria
-Chloroplast
-Cytoplasm
-Golgi apparatus
-SER
-RER
-Ribosomes
-Nucleus
-Nucleolus
-Nuclear envelope
-Plasma membrane
-Cell wall
-Large vacuole

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Name 10 structures found in animal cells

-Mitochondria
-Golgi apparatus
-SER
-RER
-Ribosomes
-Nucleus
-Nucleolus
-Nuclear envelope
-Cell surface membrane
-Lysosome

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State 5 roles of intracellular membranes

-Compartmentalisation
-Isolate enzymes/metabolic reactions from each other
-Provides site for attachment of enzymes (mitochondria) & ribosomeds (RER)
-Controls what enters & leaves organelle
-Creates conc gradients/electrochemical gradients

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State 3 roles of extracellular membranes

-Controls what enters & leaves cell
-Create conc gradient
-Cell to cell signalling

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State the type of membrane a nuclear envelope has

Double

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Describe the function of the nucleus

Stores genome (DNA of organism-made of genes) which controls activities of cell

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Describe the function of the nuclear envelope

Has pores:
-mRNA can leave
-Hormones can enter

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Which types of cells have a nucleolus, nucleus & nuclear envelope?

-Animal
-Plant
-Fungal

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Describe the function of the nucleolus

-Contains RNA
-Ribosome synthesis

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Describe the function of the cytoplasm

Site for chemical reactions e.g. anaerobic resp

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Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

RER:
-Coated w/ ribosomes
-Continued from nuclear envelope
Both:
-Have cristernae (system of membranes & cavities)

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Describe the function of the RER

-Large SA for protein synthesis (in ribosomes)
-Folds + modifies proteins
-Packages proteins into transport vesicles
-Intracellular transport

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Describe the function of the SER

-Lipid synthesis + transportation
-Metabolism

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Which types of cells have a RER, SER and golgi apparatus?

-Animal
-Plant
-Fungal

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Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus

Flat (membrane-bound) sacks stacked together -> cristernae

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Describe the function of the golgi apparatus

-Modifies (folds) & packages proteins into (secretory) vesicles
-Secretory vesicles enter & leave
-Adds prosthetic group to proteins
-Synthesis of complex lipids

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State the function of ribosomes

Protein synthesis

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Which type of cells have ribosomes?

-Animal
-Pant
-Fungal

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Describe the structure of mitochondria

-Double membrane
-Inner membrane folded into cristae (to increase SA)

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a) Describe the function of the mitochondria
b) Which type of cells is it present in?

a) Aerobic resp (ATP synthesis)
b) Animal, plant & fungal

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Describe the structure of lysosomes

-Single membrane
-Contains hydrolytic enzymes
-Formed by golgi

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Describe the function of lysosomes

-Digest old organelles/foreign matter
-Keep hydrolytic enzymes compartmentalised

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Which types of cells have lysosomes?

Animals only

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Describe the structure of chloroplast

-Double membrane
-Contain chlorophyll & starch grains

State the function of the chloroplast

Photosynthesis

Which type of cells have chloroplast & a vacuole?

Plants only

Name 5 different membranes and whether they are double or single

-Tonoplast (single) -Nuclear envelope (double) -Mitochondrial membranes (double) -Chloroplast membranes (double) -Golgi/RER/SER membrane (single)

a) What is the membrane of a vacuole called? b) Is it double or single?

a) Tonoplast b) Single

Describe the function of the vacuole

Filled w/ water & solutes for stability + turgidity

a) Describe the structure of cilia & undulipodia. b) Describe the structure of flagella

a) -Long protrusions from cell surface membrane -Made of microtubules b) Whip-like protrusion

Describe the function of... a) Cilia b) Flagella

a) Waft substances along b) Locomotion/cell motility

Describe the structure of a centriole

2 bundles of microtubules (at right angles) arranged in cylinder

Describe the function of the centriole

Forms spindle fibres in cell division

What is the cytoskeleton?

-Network of long chains of proteins -Made of: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

State 4 functions of the cytoskeleton

-Maintain/change cell shape -Maintain position of organelles -Enabes cell movement -Intracellular transport of organelles/molecules/vesicles

Describe the function of microfilaments

-Cell movement -Contraction (cytokineses) -Allow cell to maintain/change shape

What is a microfilament?

2 actin chains

Describe the function of a microtubule

-Makes up centrioles, flagella, cilia -Organelle movement

What are microtubules made of?

Tubulin

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

Hold organelles in place

Describe a method for separating organelles

Cell fractionation -Break open cells w/ homogeniser -> release organelles Untracentrifugation -Solution of organelles spun at v high speed -Largest organelles fall to bottom --Whole cells/nucleus/cytoskeleton --Chloroplast/mitochondria/lysosome --Fragments of ER/vesicles --Ribosomes

Identify 5 structures that are always present in prokaryotic cells and 6 structures that are sometimes present

Always: -Plasma membrane -Cell wall -Circular DNA -Cytoplasm -Ribosome Sometimes: -Pili -Plasmid DNA -Slime capsule -Mesosome -Infolding of plasma membrane -Flagellum

Describe the function of pili

-Involved in sexual reproduction -Attachment to other cells/surfaces

State the function of the slime capsule on a prokaryotic cell

Additional protection

State the function of mesosome in a prokaryotic cell

-Production of ATP (-Helps form cell wall -DNA replication)?

State the function of infolded plasma membrane in a prokaryotic cell

Carry out nitrogen fixation

Compare the staining required for each type of microscope

-Light: Coloured stain -TEM & SEM : Heavy-metal compound -Laser scanning confocal: No stain (florescent dye sometimes used)

Compare how each type of microscope works

-Light: Light source passes through specimen -TEM: e^- fired at specimen, pass through -SEM: e^- fired at specimen, bounce off surface -> 3D image -Laser scanning confocal: Laser light scans object point by point, computer assembles image

State the pros and cons of using a light microscope

-Pros: Cheap, portable, don't kill specimen -Con: Low res & mag

State the pros and cons of using a transmission electron microscope

-Pros: High res & mag -Cons: Expensive, specimen must be dead, specimen must be chemically fixed (time consuming)

State the pros and cons of using a scanning electron microscope

-Pros: High res & mag, 3D -Cons: Expensive, specimen must be dead, black & white image

State the pros and cons of using a laser scanning confocal microscope

-Pros: Study whole, live specimens, has depth selectivity -Cons: Expensive

When studying cell structure using a microscope, the smallest unit of measurement commonly used to describe findings is the nanometre. Explain why

Microscope's highest resolution is 0.2nm

State the formula used to work out the image size of a specimen when the actual size is known

I=AM

State the difference between magnification and resolution

-M: Ability to see small objects -R: Ability to distinguish between 2 close objects

What type of ribosomes are present in eukaryotic cells vs prokaryotic cells?

-E: 80s ribosomes -P: 70s ribosomes

State the maximum magnification & resolution that can be achieved by a... a) Light microscope b) TEM

a) Mag: 1500 Res: 0.2 μm b) Mag: 500,000 Res: 1nm

What are cells found in?

Extracellular fluid/tissue

Order the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton in order of increasing diameter

-Microfilaments -Intermediate filaments -Microtubules